The Minor Metal Inobatsira Mwenje dze LED dzinopenya Bright
Properties:
- Atomic Symbol: Ga
- Atomic Number: 31
- Element Category: Post-transition metal
- Kuwandisa: 5.91 g / cm³ (pa7 ° F / 23 ° C)
- Kuchengeta Nhamba: 85.58 ° F (29.76 ° C)
- Boiling Point: 3999 ° F (2204 ° C)
- Kuoma kwaMos: 1.5
Mamiriro:
Gurumuum yakachena isirivha-yakachena uye inozununguka paanotonhora pasi pe85 ° F (29.4 ° C).
Iyo simbi inoramba yakanyunguduka kusvika munenge 4000 ° F (2204 ° C), ichiipa iyo yakakura mumvura yakawanda yezvinhu zvose zvesimbi.
Gallium imwe yezvimedu zvishomanana zvesimbi zvinowedzera sezvo zvichinyorovesa, zvichiwedzera muzwi zvinopfuura 3% chete.
Kunyange zvazvo gallium iri nyore kushandiswa nedzimwe simbi, inopisa , inoparadzanisa muchetheni, uye inowedzera simba rakawanda. Chinhu chacho chakanyunguduka, zvisinei, chinoita kuti chibatsire mune zvimwe zvakanyunguduka zvakanyunguduka.
Sezvinopesana ne mercury , iyo iriwo mvura mumhepo inotonhora, gallium inobata zvose ganda negirazi, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kubata. Gallium haisi inotyisa se mercury.
Nhoroondo:
Akawanikwa muna 1875 naPaul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran paaiongorora sarfolerite ores, gallium yakanga isina kushandiswa chero ipi zvayo yezvokutengeserana kusvika pakupedzisira kwezana remakore rechi20.
Gallium inoshandiswa zvishomanana sesimbi yakagadziriswa, asi kukosha kwayo muzvinhu zvakawanda zvemagetsi zvemazuva ano hazvikwanisi kuderedzwa.
Kutengeserana kushandiswa kwe gallium kwakatanga kubva pakutsvakurudza kwekutanga kujekesa-emitting diodes (LEDs) uye III-V radio frequency (RF) semiconductor teknolojia, yakatanga kumavambo 1950.
Muna 1962, sarudzo yeBM physicist JB Gunn yakatsvakurudza nezve gallium arsenide (GaAs) yakaita kuti kuwanika kwe-high-frequency oscillation yemagetsi emvura inoyerera kuburikidza nedzimwe tsvina yemasikonduche - yava kunzi 'Gunn Effect.' Izvi zvakagadzirisa nzira yekuongorora mauto ekutanga kuti ivakwe kuburikidza neGunn diodes (inozivikanwawo seyemagetsi ekutsvaga) ayo akamboshandiswa mumagetsi akasiyana-siyana, kubva kumotokari yevanotarisa nemotokari uye zviratidzo zvemashuvhuti kuti unyorove zvinogadzirisa zvinogadzirisa uye mabhirigi ebhurgi.
Mavhiriji ekutanga uye lasers zvichienderana neGaAs zvakabudiswa kumavambo ekuma1960 nevatsvakurudzi veRCA, GE, uye IBM.
Pakutanga, ma LED aikwanisika kubereka zvisingaoneki magetsi emagetsi, achidzivirira magetsi kumagetsi, uye mapikicha emagetsi emagetsi. Asi simba ravo rekushanda nesimba rinogadzirisa magetsi rakaonekwa.
Mukutanga kwema1960, Texas Instruments yakatanga kupa LEDs zvekutengesa. Pakazosvika makore makumi manomwe, maitiro ekutanga ekudhijisita ma digital, anoshandiswa mumarindiro uye kuenzanisa maitiro, akakurumidza kushandiswa achishandiswa kwekudzoka kwema LED.
Kuwedzera kumwe kutsvakurudza muma1970 ne1980 kwakaguma nekugadzirisa maitiro ekugadzirisa mafashoni, zvichiita kuti teknolojia ye LED iwedzere kuvimbika uye inodhura. Kuvandudzwa kwe gallium-aluminium-arsenic (GaAlAs) semiconductor zvinokonzera ma LED aive ane gumi-akapenya kupfuura apfuura, asi ruvara rwemavara runowanika ku LED rwo rwakapfurikidza nehutsva, gallium-ine semi-conductive substrates, dzakadai saindium -gallium-nitride (InGaN), gallium-arsenide-phosphide (GaAsP), uye gallium-phosphide (GaP).
Pakazosvika makore makumi matanhatu, GaAs conductive dzimba dzaive dzichitsvakurudzwa sechikamu chemasimba ezuva rekutsvaga nzvimbo. Muna 1970, boka rekutsvakurudza reSoviet rakagadzira yekutanga GaAs heterostructure masero ezuva.
Chinokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwemagetsi ekugadzirwa kweiyo optoelectronic uye inonzi circuits (ICs), kudiwa kwezvipfeko zveGaAs zvakasimwa kuma1900 ekutanga uye kutanga kwezana remakore rechi21 mukuwirirana nekusimudzirwa kwekukurukurirana kwemafoni uye mamwe magetsi emagetsi.
Hazvishamisi kuti, mukupindurwa kwechido ichi chiri kukura, pakati pe2000 ne2011 pasi rose gallium yakashambadzira kudarika zvakapetwa kaviri kubva pa100 mamita (MT) pagore kusvika 300MT.
Kugadzirwa:
Ivhareji yemagalum inogadziriswa mumakumbo epasi inofungidzirwa kuva inenge zvikamu gumi nemamiriyoni nemamiriyoni, zvinenge zvakafanana ne lithiamu uye zvakajairika kupfuura kutungamirira . Asi simbi, zvisinei, inopararira zvikuru uye inowanikwa mune mashoma mashoma ezvemari anobudiswa.
Zvinenge makumi mapfumbamwe zvepfumbamwe zvepamusoro-soro gallium yakabudiswa ikozvino yakabviswa kubva kuBhauxite panguva yekucheneswa kwe-alumina (Al2O3), inofananidzira kune aluminium .
Chinhu chiduku che gallium chinobudiswa sechinhu-chigadzirwa chezincidhe yakagadzirwa panguva yekucheneswa kwemafuta epalerite.
Munguva ye Bayer Process yekuchenesa aluminium ore kune alumina, mafuta anopwanyika anogezwa nehuni inopisa ye sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Izvi zvinoshandura alumina kusvika sodium aluminate, iyo inogadzika mumatangi apo sodium hydroxide doro iyo zvino ine gallium inounganidzwa kuti ishandiswe zvakare.
Nokuti ichi chinwiwa chinodzokodzwazve, zvinhu zve gallium zvinowedzera mushure mokunge imwe neimwe yakareba kusvikira yasvika pamwero we100-125 ppm. Iko kusanganiswa kunogona kutorwa uye kunowedzerwa segurure kuburikidza nedhivhosi yakagadziriswa uchishandisa organic chelating agents.
Mukushambidza kwe electrolytic pane kutsetseka kwe 104-140 ° F (40-60 ° C), sodiyumu gallate inoshandurwa kuva isina kuchena gallium. Mushure mokunge mushamba mu acid, izvi zvinogona kushandiswa kuburikidza ne porous ceramic kana magirasi egirazi kuti aumbe 99.9-99.99% gallium metal.
99.99% ndiyo yepamusoro yepamusoro yegadziriro yezviwanikwa zveGaAs, asi kushandiswa kutsva kunoda kuchena kwakakwirira kunogona kuwanikwa nekupisa kwesimbi pasi pekuvhara kunze kubvisa zvinhu zvakashata kana kushandiswa kwema electrochemical uye zvikamu zvishoma zvekristalllization.
Kwemakore gumi adarika, zvakawanda zvepasi rose zvakagadzirwa gallium zvakatamira kuChina izvo zvino zvinopa 70% ye gallium yenyika. Mamwe makuru ekutanga anobudisa marudzi anosanganisira Ukraine neKazakhstan.
Inenge 30% yegore negore inogadzirwa emagetsi inotorwa kubva kune zvigadziriswa zvekare uye zvakashandiswa zvakare zvakadai seGaAs-ine makatefa eC IC. Yakawanda yekugadziridza gallium inoitika muJapan, North America, uye Europe.
IU.S. Geological Survey inofungidzira kuti 310MT yekugadziriswa gallium yakabudiswa muna 2011.
Vaparidzi vepasi vakawanda vanosanganisira Zhuhai Fangyuan, Beijing Jiya Semiconductor Materials, uye Recapture Metals Ltd.
Applications:
Apo alloyed gallium inotanga kupisa kana kuita zvishandisi sesimbi inopisa. Ichi chimiro, pamwe chete nechosecho chakanyanyisa kunyauka kwekushisa, zvinoreva kuti gallium haisi kushandiswa zvishoma mubasa rekugadzira.
Mune michina yayo yesimbi, gallium inoshandiswa kune vatengesi uye pasi yakanyunguduka maalloys, akadai seGalinstan ®, asi inowanzowanikwa mune semiconductor materials.
Maitiro makuru eGallium anogona kuiswa mumapoka mashanu:
1. Semiconductors: Kubhadharwa kwema70% emakore gore negore, kushandiswa kweGaAs inongova magetsi emagetsi akawanda emazuva ano, zvakadai sefoni uye dzimwe dzese dzisingatauri dzinoshandiswa dzinovimba nesimba rekugonesa nekugadzirisa kweAAs ICs.
2. Kujekesa Emitting Diodes (LEDs): Kubva muna 2010, kudiwa kwenyika ye gallium kubva kumagetsi eE LED kwave kwakapetwa kaviri, nekuda kwekushandiswa kwekupenya kwema LEDs mufoni uye pane zvigadziro zvepahwindo zvinoratidza zviratidzo. Iko kushanduka kwenyika yose kune hukuru hwekugadzirisa simba kwakakonzerawo kutsigira hurumende yekushandiswa kwekuvhenekera kwe LED pane incandescent uye compact fluorescent lighting.
3. Svondo rekushanda: kushandisa kwaGallium mumashandisirwo emagetsi ezuva kunotsvaga pane unyanzvi mbiri:
- GaAs concentrator solar masero
- Cadmium-indium-gallium-selenide (CIGS) yakaonda masera masero ezuva
Sezvo masero e-photovoltaic anobudirira, zvose zvesekombiyuta zvakabudirira muzvikumbiro zvakasiyana, kunyanya zvine chokuita neaerospace nemauto asi zvichiri kutarisana nezvipingamupinyi kumashandisi makuru ekutengeserana.
4. Magnetic materials: Masimba makuru, magetsi anogara ari chinhu chinokosha chemakombiyuta, motokari dzakasvibiswa, mavhiri emhepo uye zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvemagetsi uye automated equipment. Zvimwe zvishoma zve gallium zvinoshandiswa mune mamwe magetsi asingagumi, kusanganisira neodymium- iron - boron (NdFeB) magetsi.
Mamwe maitiro:
- Specialty alloys nevatengesi
- Wetting mirror
- Ne plutonium segadzirikireya yenyukireya
- Nickel - manganese -gallium shape memory alloy
- Petroleum catalyst
- Biomedical applications, kusanganisira pharmaceuticals (gallium nitrate)
- Phosphors
- Neutrino kuona
Sources:
Softpedia. Nhoroondo dze LED (Light Emitting Diodes).
Kunobva: https://web.archive.org/web/20130325193932/http://gadgets.softpedia.com/news/History-of-LEDs-Light-Emitting-Diodes-1487-01.html
Anthony John Downs, (1993), "Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, uye Thallium." Springer, ISBN 978-0-7514-0103-5
Barratt, Curtis A. "III-V Semiconductors, History muRF Applications." ECS Trans . 2009, Bhuku 19, Nyaya 3, Mapeji 79-84.
Schubert, E. Fred. Chiedza-Emitting Diodes . Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York. May 2003.
USGS. Mineral Commodity Summaries: Gallium.
Chinhu: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gallium/index.html
SM Report. By-Product Metals: The Aluminium-Gallium Relationship .
URL: www.strategic-metal.typepad.com