Wana mazano paDense, Toxic Metal Iyo Iripo MuChiquid Form
Mercury, kana kuti 'quicksilver' sezvazvinenge zvisingazivikanwi, inonzi dense, inotyisa yesimbi yezvinhu inenge iri mumvura yakadzika pane kutonhorera. Yakagadzirwa uye yakadzidziswa kwemakumi emakore, kushandiswa kwemhepo ye mercury kwakaramba kuchidzika kubvira kuma1980 zvichikonzerwa nekunyanya kukosha kwehutano hwehutano hwahwo kune vanhu uye zvakatipoteredza.
Properties
- Atomic chiratidzo: Hg
- Atomic nhamba: 80
- Element Category: Transition metal
- Kuwanda kwevanhu: 15.534g / cm³
- Melting Point: -38.9 ° C (102 ° F)
- Boiling Point: 356.9 ° C (674.4 ° F)
- Kugadziriswa kweMagetsi: 95.8 microhm / cm (20 ° C)
Mamiriro
Pachando yechitonho, mercury ishizha rakasviba, rakasvibira rine yakakwirira kwazvo uye inotonhora kupisa. Inenge ine yakakura yepamutsetse yemagetsi uye inoshandura mafungiro ( alloys ) negoridhe nesirivha.
Imwe yemhando ye mercury inonyanya kukosha ndeyekukwanisa kwayo kuwedzera nekugadzirisa pamusoro pemvura yose yakasara, mukupindurwa kwekuchinja mumhepo uye kutonhora. Mhepo yemhepo inonyanya kukosha kune vanhu uye kwakatipoteredza, izvo zvakaguma nekuderedza zvakanyanya kugadzirwa kwayo uye kushandiswa kwemazana makumi emakore apfuura.
Nhoroondo
Kushandiswa kwemakore ekutanga kweMamera kunogona kuteverwa kumashure kubva muna 1500 BC apo yakashandiswa kupfekedza makuva muIjipiti yekare. Zvichida nekuda kwezvinhu zvayo zvakasiyana, mercury yakashandiswa, yakadzidzwa uye yakakosha nemarudzi akawanda, kusanganisira vaGiriki vekare, vaRoma, chiChina naMayan.
Kwemazana emakore, vanhu vaidavira kuti mercury yakanga ine machira anokosha ekuporesa uye, nokudaro, yakashandisa se diuretic uye painkiller, uyewo mumishonga kuporesa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana kubva pakuora mwoyo kusvika kune syphilis. Yakashandiswa muzvipfeko uye sezvinhu zvekushongedza. VaAlchemist muMiddle Ages vainyanya kufarira mercury kukwanisa kubvisa goridhe kubva munyama.
Pakutanga, zvakava pachena kuti chakavanzika chesimbi yakasvibiswa kune vanhu nekuda kwechikwata chekunyengedzera nekufa mumigodhi ye mercury. Izvi, zvisinei, hazvina kudzivirira kuedza. Kushandiswa kwe mercury nitrate kuchinja huno kuti uzvinzwe, kazhinji huchishandiswa nevakaita vheji yezana remakore rechi18 ne1900, zvakaguma nemashoko okuti 'kupenga semuvengi'.
Pakazosvika 1554 uye 1558, Bartolome de Medina akatanga chirongwa chepatio chekubudisa sirivha kubva kune ores achishandisa mercury. Chirongwa chepatio chinotsigirwa pamusana we mercury wekugadzira amalgam nesirivha. Ichitsigirwa nemabhizimisi makuru emamerica muAlmaden, Spain, uye Huancavelica, Peru, chirongwa chepatio chaive chakakosha pakuwedzera kwechiSpanish kushandiswa kwemasirivha munguva yezana remakore rechi17 ne18. Gare gare, panguva yeCalifornia yegoridhe inopera, kuchinja kwepatio yakashandiswa kutora ndarama.
Pakati pehafu yezana remakore rechi20, kuwedzera kwekutsvakurudza kwakatanga kuratidza kuwirirana pakati pemakemikari yakasviba-run-off uye methyl-mercury zvakagadzirwa mune zvegungwa. Kuchengetedzwa kwakaiswa pahutano hwehutano hwevanhu. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, United States neEuropean Union vakaisa mitemo yakasimba pamusoro pekugadzirwa, kushandiswa, uye kurasikirwa kwe mercury.
Kugadzirwa
Mercury isimbi inonyanya kushandiswa uye inonyanya kuwanikwa mu ores cinnabar uye livingstonite.
Iyo inobudiswa sechinhu chikuru chekugadzira uye se-ne-chigadzirwa chegoridhe, zinc , uye mhangura .
Mazizi anokwanisa kubudiswa kubva kuCinnabar, sulfide ore (HgS), nokupisa moto we sulfide zvakagadzirwa mumoto unotenderera kana mavhiri akawanda emisasa. Crushed mercury ore inosanganiswa nemarasha kana kubika mazimbe uye kupiswa pamasiperesi anopfuura 300 ° C (570 ° F). Oxygen inoputirwa muvira, iyo inosanganisira sarufu, inosunungura sulfur dioxide uye kusika mercury vapor inogona kuunganidzwa uye yakanatswa kuti iwedzere kugadziridzwa sesimbi yakachena.
Nokupedza mercury vapor kuburikidza nemvura yakanyoroveswa nemvura, iyo mercury, iyo ine nzvimbo yakakwirira yokubikira, ndiyo yekutanga kugadziridza mukati mayo fomu yesimbi yemhepo uye yakaunganidzwa. Inenge 95% ye mercury inowanikwa yeCinnabar ore inogona kuwanikwa nenzira iyi.
Mafuta anokwanisawo kubviswa kubva kune ores achishandisa sodium hydroxide uye sodium sulfide.
Kudzorera kwe mercury kunoitwa nekudonha nekushandisa saruminium kana electrolysis. Nokushandisa distillation, mercury inogona kucheneswa kusvika kupfuura 99.999%.
Kutengeserana-giredhi, 99.99% mercury inotengeswa mu 76lb (34.5kg) yakaitwa iron kana kuti flasks yesimbi.
Munyika yose inokonzerwa ne mercury yakafungidzirwa neU.S. Geological Survey (USGS) kuva 2,250 matani muna 2010. China iri kupa hurumende inenge 70% yenyika yose, yakatevera Kyrgyzstan (11.1%), Chile (7.8%) nePeru (4.5%).
Vaparidzi vakakurumbira uye vatengesi ve mercury vanosanganisira Khaidarkan Mercury Plant muKyrgyzstan, vatori vemuTongren-Fenghuang mercury bhanhire reChina naMinas de Almadén y Arrayanes, SA, iyo yaimbova yakashandisa nhoroondo yeAlmaden mercury mine muSpain uye ikozvino inotarisirwa kudzokera zvakare uye kutungamirirwa kwemazana akawanda eEuropean mercury.
Applications
Kubudirira kwe, uye kudiwa kwe, mercury yakaramba ichiramba kubva pakuronga kwayo muma1980.
Iko kunyanya kushandiswa kwe mercury metal muNorth America neEurope iri mumakamuri masero, ayo anoshandiswa pakugadzira caustic soda. MuAmerica, izvi zvinokwana 75% ye mercury inoda, kunyange zvazvo kudiwa kwemasero akadaro kwakaderera 97% kubvira muna 1995, sezvo mazuva ano Chlor-alkali michero yatora membrane cell kana diaphragm cell technology.
MuChina, iyo polyvinylchloride (PVC) indasitiri ndiye mutengi mukuru we mercury. Kubudiswa kwemalahle-based based PVC, akafanana neakabudiswa muChina, zvinoda kushandiswa kwe mercury sechinhu chinokonzera. Maererano ne USGS, mercury inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemaplastiki akadai sePVC inogona kuverenga zvakanyanya se 50% yepasi rose inoda.
Zvichida kushandiswa kunonyanya kuzivikanwa kwe mercury kuri mu thermometers uye barometers, zvisinei, kushandiswa uku kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera. Galinstan (an alloy of gallium, indium, uye tin ) yakawanda yakashandura mercury mu thermometers nemhaka yeairini yakaderera kutyisa.
Kukwanisa kweMemerwe kubatana nematombo anokosha, kubatsira mukudzoka kwavo, kwakaguma nekushandiswa kwayo kusingaperi mune dzimwe nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzine minda yose yegoridhe.
Nekukakavadzana, kushandiswa kwe mercury mune mazino amalgam inoenderera mberi uye, pasinei nokuvandudzwa kwezvimwe nzira, achiri chigadzirwa chikuru chesimbi.
Imwe yevashoma vanoshandisa mercury yakave ichikura mumakore achangopfuura iri mu compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs). Hurongwa hwehurumende dzinokurudzira kubviswa kwemazana mashoma anokonzerwa nemagetsi anokonzera mabhosi akatsigira chido cheCFLs, chinoda gaseous mercury.
Makemikari nemishonga inoshandiswawo mumabhatiriyo, zvinodhaka, makemikari emakemikari, pevhu uye mercury-fulminate, detonator yezviputi.
Mitemo yeZoruzhinji
Kuedza kwemazuva ano kwakagadzirwa neU.S. neU.U EU kutonga basa re mercury. Pasi peMercury Export Ban Act ya2008, kutengeswa kwe mercury kubva kuU.S. kunorambidzwa kutanga munaJanuary 1, 2013. Kutengeswa kwe mercury kubva kumarudzi ose eUnited States kwakarambidzwa kubva munaMarch 2011. Norway yakatoisa kubvisa kubudisa, kutumira, uye kutengeserana kwe mercury.
Sources:
Kutanga kweMetallurgy . Joseph Newton, Chipiri Chepiri. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1947.
Mercury: Element of the Ancients.
Chinhu: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~toxmetal/toxic-metals/mercury/
Encyclopædia Britannica. Mercury Processing (2011).
Yakadzorerwa kubva ku http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/375927/mercury-processing