Tellurium isimbi ine simba uye isingawanzocheki inoshandiswa mune zvinyorwa zvesimbi uye se semiconductor inononoka mumhepo yezuva.
Properties
- Atomic Symbol: Te
- Atomic Number: 52
- Element Category: Metalloid
- Kuwanda kwevanhu: 6.24 g / cm 3
- Melting Point: 841.12 ° F (449.51 ° C)
- Boiling Point: 1810 ° F (988 ° C)
- Kuoma kwaMos: 2.25
Mamiriro
Tellurium chaizvoizvo inonzi metalloid . Metalloids, kana semi-metal, ndiwo masimba ane zvose zvesimbi uye zvisiri zvesimbi.
Pure tellurium isirivha muvara, brittle uye zvishoma zvinyanyisi. Kusanganisa kunogona kutungamirira mukurara pamwe nekugadzikana kwekudya uye mukati mehutano hurongwa hwezvinetso. Tellurium poisoning inoratidzirwa nehupamhi-gakava-sekunhuhwirira kwokuti inokonzera vanotambura.
I-metalloid iyi semiconductor inoratidza hukuru hunoita hutungamiri kana hunoiswa chiedza uye zvichienderana nehutano hwehutomu hweatomu.
Zvinowanzoitika tellurium inowanzoshamisa kupfuura goridhe, uye zvakaoma kuwana pasi rose seplatinum boka resimbi (PGM), asi nemhaka yekuvapo kwayo mukati memitumbi yemhangura yakanatswa uye nhamba yayo shoma yekupedzisira-inoshandiswa mutengo weellurium yakawanda kwazvo kupfuura chero sirivha inokosha.
Tellurium haitauri nemhepo kana mvura uye, muhutu hwakaumbwa, inopisa kumhangura, simbi uye simbi
Nhoroondo
Kunyange zvazvo asingazivi nezvekuwanikwa kwake, Franz-Joseph Mueller von Reichenstein akadzidza uye akatsanangura tellurium, iyo yaitenda pakutanga yaiva antimony , paaidzidza saridhe samples kubva kuTrylylvania muna 1782.
Makumi makumi maviri gare gare, mutori wemakemikari weGermany Martin Heinrich Klaproth ari oga tellurium, achiitumidza zita rokuti Latin, kuti 'pasi'.
Kubatsira kweTellurium kugadzira michina negoridhe - chivako chakasiyana ne metalloid - chakaita kuti chikamu chayo muWest Australia muzana remakore rechi19 rekutsvaga goridhe.
Calaverite, kanda ye tellurium neyegoridhe, yakanga isingazivikanwi sechinhu chisingabatsiri 'goridhe rebenzi' kwemakore anoverengeka pakutanga kwekukurumidza, ichiita kuti rivepo uye rinoshandiswa mukuzadza zviputi.
Pane imwe nguva yakazozivikanwa kuti goridhe inogona-chaizvoizvo, nyore nyore - inobviswa kubva mumuzinda, vanotarisira vainge vachichera mumigwagwa muKalgoorlie kuti vawane ganda recalaverite.
Columbia, Colorado yakachinja zita rayo kuTelluride muna 1887 mushure mekuwanikwa kwegoridhe mune ores munzvimbo yacho. Zvinotoshamisa ndezvokuti, maoora egoridhe akanga asiri calaverite kana imwe imwe yero ye-tellurium.
Zvemabhizimisi ekushandiswa kwetellurium, zvisinei, hazvina kuumbwa kwechimwe chikamu chakazara.
Muma1960 bismuth -telluride, a thermoelectric, semiconductive compound, yakatanga kushandiswa muiriji yefriji. Uye, panenge panguva imwecheteyo, tellurium yakazotanga kushandiswa sevashandi vezvemallurgurgical muzvivako uye nesimbi zvinyorwa .
Kutsvakurudza ku cadmium-telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic cells (PVCs), iyo yakadzokera kuma1950, yakatanga kuita bhizimusi musoro muma199s. Kuwedzerwa kudiwa kwezvinhu, zvichibva mukutsvaga mune mamwe maitiro emagetsi emagetsi pashure pe2000 zvakatungamirira kune kumwe kunetseka pamusoro pekushaikwa kwechikamu chechikamu.
Kugadzirwa
Anode sludge, inounganidzwa panguva yekunatswa kwemhangura ye electrolytic, ndiyo inonyanya kukosha kwetellurium, iyo inogadzirwa se-inogadzirwa nemhangura uye zvigadzirwa zvesirivha .
Zvimwe zvinogona kunogona kusanganisira flue madota uye magasi anobudiswa panguva yekutungamirira , bismuth, golide, nickel uye platinum smelting.
Anode sludges yakadaro, iyo inosanganisira selenides (inowanzoita senienium) uye tellurides, kazhinji ine zvinyorwa zvetellurium zvinopfuura 5% uye inogona kubikwa ne sodium carbonate pa 932 ° F (500 ° C) kuti ishandure Telluride sodium tellurite.
Kushandisa mvura, rinoturiti inobva yasara kubva pane zvakasara uye inoshandurwa ku tellurium dioxide (TeO 2 ).
Tellurium dioxide yakaderedzwa sesimbi kuburikidza nekuita iyo oxide ne sulfur dioxide mu sulfuric acid. Iyo simbi inogona kucheneswa nekushandisa electrolysis.
Nhamba dzakatendeseka pakugadzirwa kwetellurium zvakaoma kuuya, asi kugadzirwa kwepasi rose kunogadzirwa kunofanirwa kuve munzvimbo 600 mamita tani pagore.
Nyika huru dzichigadzira dzinosanganisira USA, Japan, uye Russia.
Peru yakanga iri guru guru rekurima muchengeti kusvikira kugadziriswa kweMi Oroya mami uye metallurgical nzvimbo muna 2009.
Major tellurium refiners inosanganisira:
- Asarco (USA)
- Uralectromed (Russia)
- Umicore (Belgium)
- 5N Plus (Canada)
Kudzokorora kweTellurium kuchiri kukwana zvikuru nekuda kwekushandiswa kwayo muzvidzidzo zvisingabvumirwi (kureva izvo zvisingakwanisi kubudirira kana kuunganidza mari uye kushandiswa).
Applications
Mhedzisiro yekupedzisira-kushandiswa kwe tellurium, kuverenga kwehafu yezvose tellurium inogadzirwa gore negore, iri musimbi uye iron alloys uko inowedzera machinability.
Tellurium, iyo isingaderedzeri magetsi ekutengesa , inoshandiswawo nemhangura nokuda kwechinangwa chimwechete uye inotungamirira pakuvandudza kusagadzikana kuneta.
Mumakemikari anoshandiswa, terelurium inoshandiswa senhengo inopisa uye accelerator mukugadzira rubber, pamwe chete nechinokonzera mukugadzira fiber production nekugadzirisa mafuta.
Sezvakataurwa, semlucidum semiconductive uye chiedza chakavharira zvakakonzerawo kushandiswa kwayo muCdTe masero ezuva. Asi yakachena purlurium ine mamwe maitiro emagetsi zvakare, kusanganisira mu:
- Imaging yakatsvaira (mercury-cadmium-telluride)
- Phase shanduko memori chips
- Infrared sensors
- Thermo-electric refrigerating devices
- Mitsara inotsvaka kupisa
Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa netlurium zvinosanganisira:
- Blasting caps
- Girazi uye ceramic pigments (apo inowedzera mumvuri webhuruu uye maronda)
- Zvinyorwa zveBhaibheri zvakanyorwa, CDs uye Blu-ray discs (tellurium suboxide)