Wana mazano pane Zvinyorwa, Nhoroondo, Kugadzirwa kweBrittle Metal
Bismuth isirivha uye brittlesimbi iyo inowanzowanikwa mucheka-melt alloys . Chido chebismuth metal chakakura mumakore makumi maviri apfuura muchikamu chikuru nekuda kwekushandisa kwayo kushandiswa sechinotsiva mutungamiri .
Properties:
- Atomic Symbol: Bi
- Atomic Number: 83
- Element Category: Post-transition metal
- Kuwandisa: 9.78 g / cm 3 (20 ° C)
- Melting Point: 272 ° F (521 ° C)
- Boiling Point: 1564 ° F (2847 ° C)
- Kuoma kwaMos: 2.25
Mamiriro:
Bismuth ndeye brittle, silvery-tsvina yakawanda iyo inenge yakanyunguduka yakanyunguduka yepamusoro uye yakakwirira yakajeka.
Kuva wakagadzikana uye usingasviki, bismuth inowanzoshandiswa sechinhu chinoshandiswa kune zvishandisi zvinotyisa zvakadai seantimoni, cadmium, mutungamiri, uye mercury .
Kufanana nemvura, bismuth haina kuderera seyakasimba kupfuura semvura (inowedzera sezvinopisa), chivako chakasiyana nesimbi. Pakati pezvinhu zvose zvesimbi, bismuth inewo kukwirira kwemagetsi epamusoro uye yakadzika kwazvo thermo-conducttivity (kunze kwe mercury), pamwe chete neHigh Effect (kukura kwekugadzirisa magetsi kana kuiswa mune magnetic field).
Nhoroondo:
Bismuth yakatanga kuzivikanwa munguva dzeMiddle Ages, asi, pasina kukwanisa kuparadzanisa simbi iyo yaigara ichivhiringidzika neatini , mutungamiri, antimony uye zinc . Muna 1450, mutongi wechiGermany Basil Valentine akatanga kutaridzira wismut , kana kuti 'mutungamiri mutsvuku', uyo waizozove weLatinini se bisemutum .
Kuwedzerwa kwebismuth kushandiswa muzvigunwe kwakatanga pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi15 kubva kumigodhi yesirivha muSchönberg, Germany. Pakati pezana remakore rechi18, kutsvakurudza kwakaitwa naJohan Heinrich Pott naClaude Geoffroy vakaita kuti vanzwisise zviri nani bismuth uye zvakasiyana nezvimwe zvinhu.
Vashandi vezvokurapa vakanga vari, panguva ino, zvakare vachiziva nezvebismuth inobatsira maitiro ekurapa zvikamu zvegumbo.
Yokutanga metallurgic anoshandisa bismuth yaiva pewter alloys, uko yaishandiswa nemutobvu uye tini kuderedza kutsetseka kwakanyauka, uye mune alloys ane antimony yekudhinda michina yemhando yezvigadzirwa.
Chimwe chinhu chinonyanya kukurudzira kumhizha yebismuth yakauya pakati pemakore ekuma 1990 ne Safe Drinking Water Act Amendment (1995), iyo yakarambidza kuvapo kweutungamiri mumvura yekunwa mvura muUnited States. Kwemakore makumi maviri apfuura, kufamba kwekusununguka kusina kutungamirira kwakaita kuti bismuth kugamuchirwa mune zvakasiyana siyana zvekushanda.
Kugadzirwa:
Bismuth kazhinji inowanzoitika mune sulfide ore bismuthinite (Bi2S3) kana kuti oxide ore bismite (Bi2O3). Zvisinei, kuwedzera kwezvinhu zvakadai nokuda kwehuwandu hwebismuth hazviwanzovi mari uye bismuth, panzvimbo payo, inowanzobudiswa sechinhu-chibereko chekutungamirira smelting. MuChina, zvizhinji zve bismuth zvinotorwawo kubva kune tungsten , tin uye zinc ores.
Kuwedzera kwebismuth simbi kubva mutungamiri inowanzoitika kuburikidza nechimwe chezvinhu zviviri; iyo Betterton-Kroll Process kana Betts Process.
Iko Betterton-Kroll Process inoparadzanisa bismuth kubva kutungamira kuburikidza nekuiswa kwe calcium kana magnesium muganhu wakanyungudutswa wekutungamirira uye bismuth. Izvozvo zvinokonzera calcium kana magnesium bismuthide, kuva chiedza kupfuura kutsvina kunopisa kunokwira kumusoro semarara (kusvibiswa kwakasimba) uye kunogona kubviswa. Iyo maronda inobva yabatwa neklorini pane kutonhora kwepamativi 572-932 ° F (380-500 ° C) kubvisa magnesium kana calcium.
Kuchena kwakachena bismuth kunobudiswa mushure mekurapa uchishandisa sodium hydroxide.
Betts Process inosanganisira electrolytic refining of lead bullion. Muchigadzirisa chinogadzirisa, pure metallic inotakura mahwendefa paanode, asi kusvibiswa, kusanganisira bismuth, kugadzika kusvika pasi pemudziyo. Kusanganiswa kwematope kweyesimbi kunogona kusungunuka kuti kuve nesimbi yesimbi uye bismuth-rich slag yakawanda, iyo inobva yaderedzwa nekasi kuti ibudise bismuth metal.
MuChina, kusanganiswa kukuru kwebismuth kunobudiswa neaching, magnetic separation uye / kana kusiyana-siyana kwekutsika. Inogadziriswa inobva yanyungudzwa kuti ibudise bismuth isina kunaka yekuchenesa.
Iyo yakanyanya kuwanda munyika inobereka bismuth iChina, Peru, Mexico (yakashata uye yakanatswa) uye Belgium (yakanatswa). Muna 2013, US Geological Survey inofungidzirwa kuti nyika yose yakanyatsogadziriswa bismuth kuve inenge mamiriyoni gumi nematanhatu.
Kubva izvi, chiChinese chakagadzirwa chakaita makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana. Zvine zvinopfuura makumi manomwe zvebismuth mines, China zvakare inofananidzira huwandu hwenyika yose bismuth reserves.
Major Major bismuth vatori vanosanganisira Hunan Nonferrous Group (China), Shizhuyuan Nonferrous (China), Penoles (Mexico), Sidech (Belgium), uye MCP (UK).
Applications:
Nemhaka ye bismuth ya brittleness, mavara akachena esimbi haana kushandiswa mumashandisirwo emasallurgical. Izvo, zvakadaro, yakashandiswa sechinhu chinowedzera kuwedzera mukati mehuni , aluminium , simbi uye simbi sechinzvimbo chekutungamira uye kunobata uye kuita zvinyorwa zvinowedzera kushandiswa.
Sources:
Elementymology & Elements Multidict. Bismuth.
http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Bi
US Geological Survey. Bismuth.
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bismuth/