Dzidza Pamusoro peBeryllium - Zvimwe Zvayo uye Zvishandiso

Beryllium isimbi yakaoma uye ine chiedza chakareruka ine nzvimbo yakanyunguduka uye yakasiyana-siyana yezvinhu zvenyukireya, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive zvakakosha kune zvakawanda zvekubatsira uye kushandisa zvehondo.

Properties

• Atomic Symbol: Be
• Atomic Number: 4
• Element Category: Alkaline Earth Metal
• Urefu: 1.85 g / cm³
• Melting Point: 2349 ° F (1287 ° C)
• Boiling Point: 4476 ° F (2469 ° C)
• Mohs Matambudziko: 5.5

Mamiriro

Beryllium yakachena ndiyo chiedza chakasimba, yakasimba uye ine brittle metal.

Nehupamhi hwehu 1.85g / cm ³ , beryllium ndiyo yechipiri inonyanya kudarika nhengo yesimbi, iri shure ne lithiamu chete.

Iyo tsvuku yakaita ruvara inofananidzwa senhengo inoshandiswa pamusana pekukwirira kwayo kwepamusoro, kurwisana kunokwira uye kuveura, pamwe chete nesimba rayo rakakwirira uye simba rinogadziriswa. Kunyange zvazvo paine chikamu chimwe chete kubva paine chiremera chesimbi , beryllium inowanika katanhatu.

Kungofanana nealuminium , beryllium metal inogadzira huni yakakanyiwa pamusoro penzvimbo iyo inobatsira kudzivisa kupisa . Simbi yacho yose isiri magnetic uye isiri-inokonzera - inokosha inowanikwa mumafuta uye gasi munda - uye ine yakakwirira ye conductivity pamusoro pehuwandu hwemasikati uye kupisa kwakanyanya kuparara kwemhepo.

Beryllium's low x-ray inogadzirisa chikamu chikamu uye neutron yakakura kuparadzanisa rutivi rwemukati inoita kuti iite zvakanaka mawindo e-ray uye se neutron reflector neutron muongorori mune zvinyorwa zvenyukireya.

Kunyange zvazvo ichocho chiri nekunakidza kwakanaka, chinopisa kune zvisikwa uye inhalation zvinogona kutungamirira kune chisingagumi, chinotyisa chirwere chinonzi allergic chinonzi berylliosis.

Nhoroondo

Kunyange zvazvo chokutanga chakasara mumakore ekupedzisira ekuma1800, bherillium yakachena yesimbi yakanga isina kuberekwa kusvika muna 1828. Ingava imwe zana remakore vasati vashandise mari yeberyllium.

Nyanzvi yemakemikari yeFrance Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin pakutanga akatumidza zita rake rainge rachangobva kuwanikwa 'glucinium' (kubva muchiGiriki glykys kuti 'sweet') nekuda kwekuravira kwayo.

Friedrich Wohler, uyo akashanda panguva imwe chete achizviparadzanisa muGermany, akasarudza izwi rokuti beryllium uye, pakupedzisira, International Union yePure uye Applied Chemistry yakasarudza izwi rokuti beryllium raifanira kushandiswa.

Kunyange zvazvo kutsvakurudza mukati mezvigadzirwa zvematare kwakapfuurira kuburikidza nezana remakore rechi20, raive risati rasvika pakuzadzikiswa kweberyllium zvakakosha semugoveri wekugadzirira muzana remakore rechi20 kuti kufambisa kwekutengeserana kwesimbi kwakatanga.

Kugadzirwa

Beryllium inobviswa kubva kumarudzi maviri ores; beryl (Iva ₃ Al ₂ (SiO ₃ ) ₆ ) uye bertrandite (Be ₄ Si ₂ O ₇ (OH) ₂ ). Kunyange zvazvo Beryl kazhinji ane beryllium yepamusoro yehutano (zvitatu kusvika ku5 kubva muzana kuburikidza nekurema), zvakaoma kunatsiridza kupfuura bertrandite, iyo inowanikwa ine pasi pe5,5 muzana beryllium. Kunatswa kwezvinhu zviviri, zvisinei, zvakafanana uye zvinogona kuitwa mune imwe nzvimbo.

Nemhaka yehuwandu hwakawedzerwa, beryl ore inofanira kutanga inotangidzwa nekunyunguduka mukati mevira revira remagetsi. Iyo yakanyungudutswa yakanyura mumvura, ichigadzira pfupfu yakaisvonaka inonzi 'frit'.

Inopwanyika bertrandite ore uye frit inotanga kurapwa ne-sulfuric acid, iyo inoparadza beryllium nedzimwe simbi zviripo, zvichiita kuti sulphate isingasviki mvura.

Beryllium-ine sulfate solution inodhindurwa nemvura uye inodyiswa mumatangi ane hydrophobic organic chemicals.

Kunyange zvazvo beryllium ichibatanidza kuzvinhu zvakasikwa, mvura-based solution inoshandisa iron , aluminium, nezvimwe zvinhu zvisina kuchena. Izvi zvinogadziriswa zvinogona kudzokororwa kusvikira zvinonzi beryllium zvakagadziriswa zvinowanikwa mumhinduro.

Beryllium concentrate inotevera inobatwa neammonium carbonate uye inopisa, nokudaro inokonzera beryllium hydroxide (BeOH ₂ ). Kuchena kwakachena beryllium hydroxide ndiyo inowanikwa yezvinyorwa zvekushandisa kukuru kwechimwe chinhu, kusanganisira mhangura beryllium alloys , beryllia ceramics, uye beryllium yakagadzirwa nesimbi yakachena.

Kuti rive nehupamhi-budellium yesimbi, iyo inonzi hydroxide inoparara muammonium bifluoride uye inopisa kusvika kumusoro kwe 1652 ° F (900 ° C), ichiumba beryllium fluoride yakanyunguduka.

Mushure mekukandirwa muumbwa, beryllium fluoride inosanganiswa ne- magnesium yakaumbwa mumakumbo uye inopisa. Izvi zvinobvumira beryllium yakachena kuti iparadzanise kubva kune slag (tsvina). Mushure mekuparadzaniswa kubva kumagetsi emukuru, beryllium spheres iyo inenge inenge 97 muzana yakachena yakasara.

Kuwedzera kwemagesium inopiswa nekuwedzera kurapwa muvira remoto, zvichisiya beryllium inenge kusvika 99.99 muzana yakachena.

I-beryllium spheres inowanzoshandurwa kuva mupfu kuburikidza ne-isostatic pressing, ichigadzira poda inogona kushandiswa mukugadzira beryllium-aluminium alloys kana kuti beryllium yakashongedzwa nhoo dzesimbi.

Beryllium inogonawo kugadziriswa zvakare kubva kune zvinyorwa zvealloys. Zvisinei, uwandu hwezvinhu zvakashandiswa zvakare hunosiyana uye hunokonzerwa nekuda kwekushandiswa kwayo mumashandiseti akapararira, akadai semagetsi. Iyo beryllium iripo mumhangura-beryllium mashizha anoshandiswa mumagetsi ezvo zvakaoma kuunganidza uye kana inounganidzwa inotumirwa kutumirwa kushandiswa kwemhangura, iyo inoderedza zvinyorwa zveBeryllium kune mari isina kufanana.

Nemhaka yehutano hwetsimbi, kunyatsobudisa zviyero zveBeryllium zvakaoma kusvika. Zvisinei, kubudiswa kwepasi rose kwezvinhu zvakanatswa beryllium inofungidzirwa kuva inenge mazana mashanu ematric tonnes.

Kugadzira uye kuchenesa beryllium muUnited States, iyo inoratidzira kusvika 90 muzana yehuwandu hwepasi rose, inotungamirirwa ne Materion Corp. Yakambozivikanwa seBrush Wellman Inc., kambani inoshandisa minda yeSpor Mountain bertrandite muUtta uye ndiyo yakakura pasi rose mucheri uye rinonatsa beryllium simbi.

Kunyange zvazvo beryllium yakanatswa chete muU.S., Kazakhstan, neChina, beryl inodyiwa mune dzimwe nyika, kusanganisira China, Mozambique, Nigeria, uye Brazil.

Applications:

Beryllium inoshandisa inogona kuiswa mumativi mashanu:

• Makombiyuta ekushandisa uye kuterevhizheni
• Industrial components uye zvekutengeserana nzvimbo
• Kudzivirira uye zvehondo
• Chiremba
• Zvimwe

_Sources:

_{Walsh, Kenneth A. Beryllium Chemistry uye Processing . ASM Intl (2009).
US Geological Survey. Minerals Yearbook 2011 . Beryllium. Brian W. Jaskula.
URL: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/beryllium/myb1-2011-beryl.pdf
Beryllium Science & Technology Association. Nezve Beryllium.
URL: http://beryllium.eu/
Vulcan, Tom. HardAssetInvestor.com. Beryllium Basics: Kuvaka Pamasimba SeChiratidzo & Strategic Metal
URL: http://www.hardassetsinvestor.com}

_{Tevera Terence paGoogle +}