Rhodium isati isiripo platinum boka resimbi (PGM) iyo inogadzikana mumakemikari pamatambo ekudzivirira, kusagadzikana kurora uye kunyanya kushandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemotokari yevatori vemotokari.
Properties
- Atomic Symbol: Rh
- Atomic Number: 45
- Element Category: Transition metal
- Kuwandisa: 12.41 g / cm³
- Melting Point: 3567 ° F (1964 ° C)
- Dhaka rekubikira: 6683 ° F (3695 ° C)
- Kuoma kwaMos: 6.0
Mamiriro
Rhodium yakaoma, sirivha-ine tsvuku yakave yakasimba chaizvo uye inenge yakanyunguduka.
Rhodium simbi inopesana nehuroti uye, sePGM, iyo inogovera boka iri rakasiyana-siyana rinogadzirisa zvinhu.
Iyo simbi inobwinya zvakanyanya, yakaoma uye inogara yakasimba, uye ine yose yakadzika kushandiswa kwemagetsi pamwe chete nechepasi uye yakagadzikana kusangana nekudzivirira.
Nhoroondo
Muna 1803, William Hyde Wollaston akakwanisa kuparadzanisa palladium kubva kune dzimwe PGM uye, naizvozvo, muna 1804, akatsaura rhodium kubva pane zvinogadzirwa.
Wollaston yakagadziriswa platinum ore mu aqua regia (musanganiswa we nitric uye hydrochloric acids) vasati vawedzera ammonium chloride uye iron kuti vawane palladium. Akazoona kuti rhodium inogona kutorwa kubva kune chloride salts yakasara.
Wollaston yakashandisa aqua regia ndokugadziriswa ne hydrogen gesi kuwana metal rhodium. Sirivha yakasara yakaratidza hueki inonzi pink uye yakatumidzwa zita rechiGiriki rokuti rodon , rinoreva 'rose'.
Kugadzirwa
Rhodium inobviswa sechinhu chinonzi platinum uye nickel migodhi.
Nokuda kwehutachiona hwahwo uye zvinorema uye zvinodhura zvinoshandiswa kuti zviparadzanise simbi, kune mashoma mashoma emitambo inoshandiswa pakugadzirisa mari inowanikwa ye rhodium.
Kufanana nePGM dzakawanda, sarudzo ye rhodium inotarisana nenhare yeBushveld muSouth Africa. Nyika yacho inodarika 80% yekushambadzira kwe rhodium yenyika, asi dzimwe nzvimbo dzinosanganisira bhesheni reSudbury muCanada uye Norilsk Complex muRussia.
PMGs inowanikwa mumigodhi yakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira dunite, chromite, uye norite.
Nhanho yekutanga pakubvisa rhodium kubva munyama inopinza simbi inokosha segoridhe, sirivha , palladium, uye platinum. Nzira yakasara inobatwa ne sodium bisulfate NaHSO 4 uye yakanyungudutswa, zvichiita kuti rhodium (III) sulfate, Rh 2 (SO 4 ) 3.
Rhodium hydroxide inobva yatumirwa kunze uchishandisa sodium hydroxide, apo hydrochloric acid inowedzera kubudisa H 3 RhCl 6 . Izvi zvinoshandiswa ne ammonium chloride uye sodium nitrite kuti iite chinyorwa che rhodium.
Izvozvo zvinopera muhydrochloric acid uye sarudzo inopisa kusvikira kusara kwezvinosvibisa zvinopiswa, zvichisiya seri rhodium metal yakachena.
Maererano naImpala Platinum , kushandiswa kwenyika yose ye rhodium kunongowanikwa mamiriyoni 1 emamiriyoni ega pagore (kana masendimita 28) gore negore, asi, pakuenzanisa, 207 mamita matric palladium yakabudiswa muna 2011.
Anenge chikamu chimwe chete chechina rhodium inoshandiswa inobva kune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvikurukuru zvakare kushandiswa kwevashanduri vechivande, asi zvasara zvinotorwa kubva munharaunda. Vatori vepa rhodium vakakura vanosanganisira Anglo Platinum, Norilsk Nickel , uye Impala Platinum.
Applications
Maererano neU.S. Geological Survey, ma-autocatalyst aive nezvikamu makumi manomwe nezviviri (77%) zvezvose zvaidiwa ne rhodium muna 2010.
Vatatu-vatengesi vanokonzera petroli engjini vanoshandisa rhodium kuti vashandise kuderedzwa kwe nitrogen oxide ku nitrogen.
Inenge 5-7% yepasi rose rhodium kushandiswa inoshandiswa nemakemikari. Rhodium uye platinum-rhodium catalysts inoshandiswa pakugadzira oxo-inodhaka yekugadzira uyewo kugadzira nitric oxide, chinhu chine tsvina yemumanyorera, mabhuni, uye nitric acid.
Chigadzirwa chegorosi chinoshandisa mamwe matatu kubva ku6 kusvika ku6 muzana yekushandiswa kwe rhodium gore negore. Nemhaka yekukwirira kwayo kwepamusoro, simba nekudzivirira kurara, rhodium, uye platinum inogona kushandiswa kugadzira midziyo inobata uye inogadzira girazi rakaumbwa. Uyewo zvakakosha ndezvokuti zvinyorwa zvine rhodium hazviiti, kana kuti oxyidize, girazi pamatambo ekudzivirira. Zvimwe rhodium inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwegirazi dzinosanganisira:
- Kugadzira bushings, iyo inoshandiswa kugadzira girazi fiber nekuchera girazi yakanyungudutswa kuburikidza nemakomba (ona mufananidzo).
- Mukugadzirwa kwemvura yakachena yeCristal (LCDs) pamusana pemadziro ekushisa anodiwa kuti asungunuke zvinhu zvakasvibirira nehupamhi yegirasi inodikanwa.
- Mukugadzirwa kwegirazi yeganda rekona ye cathode ray tube (CRT) inoratidza.
Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa pa rhodium:
- Sekupedzisa kwezvishongo (electroplating white gold)
- Sekupedzisira kwezvioni
- Muzvipikiso zvinoshandiswa
- Mune magetsi ekubatana
- Muzvinyorwa zvezvikwata zvinokonzera ndege uye spark plugs
- Muzvombo zvenyukireya semutori weeutron flux levels
- Mu thermocouples
Sources:
I International Platinum Group Metals Association (IPA). http://www.ipa-news.com/
US Geological Survey. 2010. Minerals Yearbook: Platinum Group Metals. http://www.usgs.gov/
Impala Platinum. Kupa & Kuda: Rhodium. http://www.implats.co.za/implats/Supply-demand.asp
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