Gamuchira Info pamusoro peStell's Property, Characteristics uye Applications
Palladium isimbi yakasviba, isina kuchena, yakachena-yakasvibirira iyo inokosha nokuda kwezvinhu zvayo zvinogadzirisa uye inogovera zvakawanda zvezvinhu zvinowanzoonekwa kune platinum boka resimbi (PGM), zvakadai sokunyanya kunyorera kwepamusoro uye kukwirira kukuru. Kunyange zvazvo yakakwirira nokuda kwesimbi, nhengo ye palladium yekunyunguduka uye kuwanda kwayo ndiyo yakaderera yePGMs.
Properties:
- Atomic Symbol: Pd
- Atomic Number: 46
- Element Category: Transition metal
- Kuwanda kwevanhu: 12.02 g / cm³
- Melting Point: 2830 ° F (1554 ° C)
- Boiling Point: 5365 ° F (2963 ° C)
- Kuoma kwaMos: 4.75
Mamiriro
Palladium, yakafanana neplatinum , inopesana nehuniyidhe uye kurora uye ine hukuru hunogadzirisa zvinhu. Izvi zvinonyanya kubhadharwa nekuti palladium ine chinhu chisingawanzovi - nekushamisa-kukwanisa kugamuchira gasijeni yegesi pamwero wekanaka ka 900 payo yakawanda. Soft and ductile apo yakatorwa , palladium inowedzera nesimba uye kuoma paunotonhorera. Palladium inewo chemakemikari yakasimba uye inoita kuti iite zvakanaka, zvichiita kuti ive yakakosha kumashandisirwo mumakambani emagetsi.
The History
Muna 1803, William Hyde Wollaston akakwanisa kuparadzanisa palladium kubva kune dzimwe PGM nekupedza platinum ore mumusanganisi we aqua regia (hydrochloric uye nitric acid) pamwe neammonium chloride uye iron . Kunyange zvakadaro, pakange pasina yezvokutengeserana kushandiswa kwe palladium kusvikira yezana remakore rechi20.
Chimwe chekutanga chekushandiswa kwe palladium, icho chinoramba chichienderera mberi, chaive mukugadzira mapepa emifananidzo.
Nzira iyi, inozivikanwa se 'platinotype', iyo inogona kushandisa platinum kana palladium, yakashandiswa pakutanga kwekupera kwezana remakore rechi18.
Asi palladium, kufanana nePGM dzose, yakadziviswa nehuwandu hwayo uye mutengo mukuru. Izvi zvakatanga kuchinja mushure mekunge kuwanikwa kwezvivigiro zvakawanda zvemasimbi zvakawanikwa muSouth Africa muma1920 uye Canada muma1930s.
Pasina nguva mushure meizvi, palladium neplatinum yakatanga kushandiswa mune mazino mazino.
Pakazosvika makumi ma1960, kutsvakurudza ku platinum uye palladium zvakagadzirisa zvinhu zvakaguma nemagadziro matsva mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari, kusanganisira kubudisa polyester uye kupisa mafuta.
Chikuru chikuru chepalladium, zvisinei, chakauya muma1970 apo motokari yekusimudza mitemo yakashandiswa muU.SA. Kuda kwe palladium kwakawedzera zvinoshamisa. Kubwinya kwaPalladium kubata carbon monoxide uye kuchenesa hydrogen kwakaita kuti ive yakabatana nevanotenderera motokari.
Kuwedzera kufarira mu palladium sechigadzirwa chekutsvaga kwekutsvaga kwakatungamirirawo kutengesa mari yekutengeserana, iyo inotsigirwa nemuviri palladium, inotengeswa kuLondon neNew York Stock Exchanges. Nguva yemberi yePalladium inotengeswa kuNew York Mercantile Exchange uye palladium bullion zvakare imwe yezvinhu zvesimbi chete kuti ive nesimboti yemari yeIO (mamwe acho ndarama, sirivha, uye platinum).
Kugadzirwa
Palladium inowanikwa pamwe chete nemimwe PGMs. PMGs zvinowanzoitika munzvimbo dzakachengetwa dzakawanikwa mumatombo akadai sedunite, chromite, uye norite. MuSouth Africa's Bushveld complex uye nhamba shomanana yemamwe masimbi, maPGM anoitika muhuwandu hwakawanda kuitira kuti zvive zvekugadzirisa chete kubvisa zvidhina izvi; asi, kuRussia's Norilsk neCanada yeSudbury inopa palladium nemamwe maPGM inotorwa se-inogadzirwa nickel nemhangura .
Palladium ine ores inotanga kupwanyika uye inonamirwa mune reagent ine mvura; imwe nzira inonzi "froth flotation".
Applications
Global sales of palladium yakafungidzirwa kuva inenge 300 000kg (660,000 lbs) muna 2010. Autocatalysts ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa kwesimbi, iyo inofungidzirwa inofungidzirwa 57% ye palladium kushandiswa muna 2010.
Mamwe makuru ekupedzisira-kushandiswa kwe palladium inosanganisira (inenge inenge yezana inoshandiswa pasi rose):
- electronics sector (15%)
- mariko (11%)
- zvishongo (6.5%)
- dental alloys (6%)
- makemikari (4%).
Vamwe vanofungidzira nhamba yemotokari inoshandiswa munyika yose kuva inenge mamiriyoni 450 mamiriyoni. Kurwisana kunokonzerwa nemhepo kunokonzerwa nemavoococystysts kuderedza carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, uye hydrocarbon. Palladium inotora basa rinokosha munharaunda iyi kuburikidza nekukanganisa kabhoni zvisati zvapera.
Palladium inonyanya kushandiswa mune zvemagetsi mukati memiti yakawanda yepamusoro ceramic capacitors (MLCC), iyo inobatsira kudzora kubuda kwemazuva ano kune zvikamu zvakasiyana zvepurogiramu nekuchengetedza uye kusunungura mutero sezvaunoda. MLCCs dzinowanzotorwa kuburikidza ne palladium kana seallodium ye palladium uye sirivha. Zvishoma zviduku zve palladium zvinoshandiswa mumasereti akabatanidzwa akabatanidzwa uye sezvokuputika.
Kushandisa palladium mumakambani emeno maitiro echinhu chitsva uye zvinotenderera kuchinja zvichienderana nemutengo wakaenzana wegoridhe, platinum, uye palladium. Palladium inogadzirwa negoridhe kana sirivha, mhangura uye zinc kuti iite mazino emeno, korona, uye mabhiriji. Kubatanidzwa kwePGMs kuwedzera simba nekusimba asi zvisingasvikiki .
Palladium inogonawo kuita sendimu yemari yeplatinum mune zvinokonzera zvinoshandiswa kugadzira zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakemikari, kunyanya, mavara, mavara, fiber, uye kupfeka. Nhamba yePlaladium inosungirirwa, iyo inosanganisira fani yakaisvonaka yemafuta, firiji inoyerera inoshandiswa uye inoshandiswa kuita nitric acid.
Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa pa palladium zvinowanikwa mu:
- Fuel Cells (hydrogen absorption)
- Ethanol fuel production (Wacker Process)
- Mari
- Mafuta Okugadzirisa (kugadzirisa kuchinja uye hydroprocessing)
- Polyester (mukugadzirwa kweterephthalic acid yakachena, PTA)
- Mifananidzo (Platinotype Process)
- Kurapwa kwemvura
- Mishonga (palladium -103)
Sources:
PGM Database. Johnson Matthey plc. http://www.pgmdatabase.com/jmpgm/index.jsp
I International Platinum Group Metals Association (IPA).
http://www.ipa-news.com/
The US Geological Survey. Minerals Yearbook: Platinum-Group Metals (2010) uye Mineral Commodity Summaries (2012).
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/
Stillwater Palladium. Palladium: Metal yezana remakore rechi21 .
http://www.stillwaterpalladium.com/index.html
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