Properties:
- Atomic Symbol: Ni
- Atomic Number: 28
- Element Category: Transition metal
- Kuwandisa: 8.908 g / cm 3
- Melting Point: 2651 ° F (1455 ° C)
- Boiling Point: 5275 ° F (2913 ° C)
- Kuoma kwaMos: 4.0
Mamiriro:
Nickel yakachena inopindurwa ne oksijeni uye, naizvozvo, inowanzowanika pasi penyika, pasinei nokuti iri yechishanu pane zvakawanda pane (uye mune) pasi redu. Mukubatana nesimbi , nickel yakasimba kwazvo, iyo inotsanangura zvose zviripo zvayo mune iron-ine ores uye kushandiswa kwayo kwakashandiswa pamwe chete nesimbi kuti igadzire simbi isina tsvina.
Nickel yakasimba zvikuru uye inopesana nehuroti , zvichiita kuti ive yakanakisisa yekusimbisa masimbi esimbi. Izvowo ine ductile zvikuru uye inogona kushandiswa , nzvimbo inobvumira zvinyorwa zvayo zvakawanda kuti zviumbwe mumatare, tsvimbo, tubes, nemashizha.
Nhoroondo:
Nickel yakachena yakatanga kubviswa naBaron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt muna 1751, asi yaizivikanwa kuvapo kare kare. Zvinyorwa zveChiChina kubva munharaunda yakapoteredza 1500BC zvinotaura nezve "mhangura mutsvuku" ( baitong ), iyo yaive inenge yakanyanyisa nickel uye sirivha. Muzana remakore rechigumi nemashanu vaGermany vanoita zvemigodhi, avo vaitenda kuti vanogona kutora mhangura kubva kune nickel ores muSaxony, inotaurirwa kusimbi semapfernickel - 'dhiyabhorosi mhangura' - chikamu pamusana pekuedza kwavo kusina maturo kubvisa mhangura kubva mumutambo, asi pamwe pamwe pamwe hutano hwehutano hunokonzerwa nepamusoro ye arsenic inowanikwa mumutambo.
Muna 1889, James Riley akaita mharidzo kune Iron and Steel Institute yeGreat Britain pamusoro pekuti kushandiswa kwe nickel kunogona kusimbisa sei zvidimbu zvekare. Hurukuro yaRiley yakaguma nekuziva kwekuwedzera kwemajeri ekubatsirana kwezvinhu zvakakosha uye zvakabatana nekuwanikwa kwemahombekiti makuru eNew Caledonia neCanada.
Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi20, kuwanikwa kwemaawa eRussia neSouth Africa kwakaita kuti kuve nekukwanisa kukurukidzwa kwemajeri kunokwanisika. Pasina nguva refu, Hondo Yenyika I uye Hondo Yenyika II yakaguma nekuwedzera kukuru kwesimbi uye, naizvozvo, nickel inoda.
Kugadzirwa:
Nickel inonyanya kubviswa kubva kune nickel sulphide pentlandite, pyrrhotite, uye millerite, iyo inenge inenge 1% nickel yehuwandu, uye iron-ine lateritic ores limonite uye garnierite, iyo inenge inenge 4% nickel content. Nickel ores inodhindwa munyika 23, nepo nickel inoputirwa munyika 25 dzakasiyana.
Kuparadzaniswa kwekuita nickel kunonyanya kuvimba nehuwandu hweawa. Nickel sulphide, yakadai seaya inowanika muCanada Shield neSiberia, inowanzowanikwa yakadzika pasi pevhu, ichiita kuti dzishande zvakasimba uye dzinodhura kubvisa. Zvisinei, kupatsanurwa kwemaawa aya kunodhura kudarika kune zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakadai seaya anowanikwa muNew Caledonia. Uyezve, nickel sulphide kazhinji ine ruzivo rwekusvibiswa kwezvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha zvingave zvakaparadzana mune zvehupfumi.
Sulphide ores inogona kuparadzaniswa uchishandisa froth flotation uye hydrometallurgical kana magnetic michina yekuumba nickel matte uye nickel oxide.
Izvi zvinowanikwa mukati, izvo zvinowanzo zvine 40-70% nickel, zvino zvinowedzera kushandiswa, kazhinji vachishandisa Sherritt-Gordon Process.
The Mond (kana kuti Carbonyl) Nzira ndiyo nzira yakakurumbira uye inoshanda yekubata nickel sulphide. Muchiitiko ichi, sulphide inobatwa nehydrojeni uye inopinda mumhepo yakawanda. Iko inosangana ne carbon carbon monoxide inenge 140F ° (60C ° ) kugadzira nickel carbonyl gas. Iyo nickel carbonyl gasi inoparara pamusoro penzvimbo yep-pre-heated nickel pellets iyo inoyerera ichipinda muimba yekupisa kusvikira ichikwanisa kukura kwaidiwa. Pachando chakakwirira, izvi zvinogona kushandiswa kugadzira nickel powder.
Gare gareiti inoshandiswa, zvakasiyana, inowanzoputirwa ne pyro-metallic nzira nemhaka yehutori yakagadzirwa. Laterit ores inewo unyoro huzhinji (35-40%) inoda kuomeswa mumoto wevira rinotungidza.
Inobereka nickel oxide, iyo inoderedzwa uchishandiswa magetsi emagetsi pamadziro ekupisa pakati pe 2480-2930 F ° (1360-1610 C °) uye isina simba kuti ibudise Chikamu I nickel metal nickel sulfate.
Pamusana pezvakangoita zvakagadzirwa nesimbi mu lateritic ores, mugumo wevhisi vakawanda vanoshanda nemhando dzakadai is ferronickel, iyo inogona kushandiswa nevarimi vesimbi kana saroni, carbon, uye phosphorus zvisina kubviswa.
Nenyika, vaparidzi vakakurumbira venickel muna 2010 vaiva Russia, Canada, Australia neIndonesia. Vagadziri vakakurumbira vese nickel yakanatswa ndeyeNorilsk Nickel, Vale SA, uye Jinchuan Group Ltd. Parizvino, shomanana chete yezana ye nickel inobudiswa kubva kune zvakashandiswa zvakare.
Applications:
Nickel imwe yezvinyorwa zvakashandiswa zvikuru pasi rose. Maererano neNickel Institute, iyo metal inoshandiswa mune zvinodarika 300 000 zvakasiyana-siyana. Kazhinji kazhinji inowanikwa mumagetsi uye mashizha esimbi, asi inoshandiswawo pakugadzira mabhatiri uye magetsi anogara.
Simbi isina ngura:
Inenge 65% yeanickel yose yakabudiswa inopinda mune zvisingasviki .
Austenitic steels haisi maginini asingasviki mashizha ane mazinga akawanda echromium uye nickel, uye pasi mashoma ekaroni. Iri boka rezvivako - rakarongedzwa se 300 rutsva isina tsvina-rinokosheswa pakugadzikana kwavo nekudzivirira kurara. Austenitics ndiyo yakanyanya kushandiswa yakawanda yesimbi isina kusina .
Nickel-ine chinyorwa chemashizha asina tsvina chinotsanangurwa nechiso chavo chinonzi cubic (FCC) crystal structure, iyo ine atomu imwe paga imwe neimwe yekamu uye imwe pakati pechiso chimwe nechimwe. Izvi zvinoumba zviyo apo huwandu hwe nickel hunowedzerwa kune gorosi (masere kusvika gumi kubva muzana muyero yakadzika yechina isina chaipo ).
Sources:
Mugwagwa, Arthur. & Alexander, WO 1944. Metare muBasa reMunhu . 11th Edition (1998).
USGS. Mineral Commodity Summaries: Nickel (2011).
Chinhu: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nickel/
Encyclopedia Britannica. Nickel.
Chinhu: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/414238/nickel-Ni
Metal Profile: Nickel