Izvi zvishongo zvakanakisisa zviri pedyo kune mumwe nemumwe patafura ye periodic
Izvi zvishongo zvakanakisisa zviri pedyo kune mumwe nemumwe patafura ye periodic, uye zvose zvinonzi "shanduko yematare." Vanogona kuwedzera kugoverwa mumasangano mashoma: iridium-group platinum group elements (IPGEs) uye palladium-group platinum group elements (PPGEs).
MaPGM matanhatu ndiwo:
- Iridium (Ir)
- Osmium (Os)
- Palladium (Pd)
- Platinum (Pt)
- Rhodium (Rh)
- Ruthenium (Ru)
I-IPGEs inosanganisira osmium, iradium, uye ruthenium, nepo PPGEs ndeye rhodium, platinum, uyewo, palladium.
Zviratidzo zvePlatinum Group Metals
Platinum ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yeboka iri resimbi, zvichienderana nechepamusoro kushandiswa kwayo mune zvishongo. Iyo yakaoma, yakasimba, uye isingawanzoiti, uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvigadzirwa zvezvechiremba uye zvemagetsi nemashandisirwo.
Palladium isimbi yakatsvuka, yakachena-yakasvibirira inokosha yezvinhu zvayo zvinogadzirisa. Iine nzvimbo yakanyunguduka yakanyanyisa asi iyo iyo yakanyanyisa kunyauka kwezvose zvePGMs.
Zvose platinum ne palladium zvinowanzoshandiswa sezvivhenekeri, zvinoreva kuti vanokurumidza kushandiswa kwemakemikari pasina ivo pachavo kushandiswa kwemakemikari mukuita.
Iridium, inofungidzirwa kuti inonyanya kushandiswa simbi yakachena, inogona kurwisa salts, oxyids, uye mineral acids, asi inokanganiswa ne sodium chloride uye sodium cyanide.
Iine nzvimbo yakanyunguduka yakanyanyisa uye inopesana nehutachiona, zvichiita kuti ive yakanakisa kashandisi kusimbisa.
Rhodium uye iridium yakaoma uye yakaoma zvikuru kushanda nayo, kunyange zvazvo makemikari emakemikari aya ematare maviri anokohwa mumhando dzakawanda dzekushandisa. Rhodium inokosha sechinhu chinogadzirisa uye ine kufungisisa kwakakwirira.
Iyo inewo kuderedza kushandiswa kwemagetsi uye yakadzika uye yakagadzikana kusangana kumirisana.
Ruthenium uye osmium zvakaoma uye zvinoputika, uye dzine urombo hwakanyanya kurwisa huniyidheti, asi inokosha eloyloy additives uye catalysts.
Zvirongwa zvePlatinum Group Metals
PGMs inowanzoshandiswa sechigadziriswa nekuda kwekemikari yavo yakagadzikana, asi haisi yega pabasa iri. Maererano ne International Platinum Group Metals Association (IPA), chikamu chechina chezvinhu zvose zvakagadzirwa zvine PGM kana kuti PGM inotora basa rinokosha mukugadzirwa kwayo.
Mimwe mienzaniso yekushandiswa kwekupedzisira-kushandiswa inosanganisira: sezvinhu zvinokonzerwa nekambani yepetroleum (palladium neplatinum), mumagetsi anokonzera mhepo uye mamwe maitiro ekurapa (iridium ne platinum), sechivara chezvigunwe uye DNA (osmium), mukugadzirwa kwe nitric acid (rhodium), uye mumakemikari, zvakadai sekuchenesa zvinodhaka, zvinyorwa, uye pevhu (ruthenium).
Properties yePlatinum Group Metals
Platinum | Palladium | Rhodium | Iridium | Ruthenium | Osmium | |
| Chemical Symbol | Pt | Pd | Rh | Ir | Ru | Os |
| Kuwedzera (g / cm 3 ) | 21.45 | 12.02 | 12.41 | 22.65 | 12.45 | 22.61 |
| Nhamba yakanyunguduka (° C) | 1,769 | 1,554 | 1,960 | 2,443 | 2,310 | 3,050 |
| Vickers kuoma kwete. * | 40 | 40 | 101 | 220 | 240 | 350 |
| Electrical resistivity (microhm.cm pa 0 ° C) | 9.85 | 9.93 | 4.33 | 4.71 | 6.80 | 8.12 |
| Kupisa kwemafuta (watts / mita / ° C | 73 | 76 | 150 | 148 | 105 | 87 |
| Simba simba * (kg / mm 2 ) | 14 | 17 | 71 | 112 | 165 | - |