Strategic Petroleum Reserve

Ndiani Ari Kuchengetedza Mamiriyoni Emakariro eMafuta muUnited States Caverns?

I Strategic Petroleum Reserve ndiyo inowanikwa mune imwe nguva inowanikwa mafuta. Dhipatimendi reUnited States reMagetsi rinozvichengetedza kuti rishandiswe mune dambudziko. Zvinongotora mazuva gumi chete kuti mafuta apinde mumusika weAmerica kubva panguva iyo mutungamiri anotanga kupa chirongwa. The SPR yakasikwa muna 1973 mukupindura kwaOOPEC mafuta embargo . Vamwe vari muCongress vanobvunza kana ichiri kudiwa.

Mawere mana emvura pasi pemvura pamhenderekedzo yeGulf yeMexico anochengeta mafuta.

Ndiyo nzvimbo inokosha. Mafuta anogona kugoverwa kunenge hafu yemafuta emafuta eUnited States kana kuburikidza nemapipeline emitambo kana kuti nemigwagwa.

Iko kune mavhavha maviri nzvimbo muTexas. Bryan Mound inobata mabhiriyoni makumi maviri nemaviri mumakamuri makumi maviri, uye Big Hill inobata mabhiriyoni 162.2 emabhiri 14. Mamwe maviri ari muLouisana. Western Hackberry inobata mabhiriyoni 213.2 mumabhiri 22 uye Bayou Choctaw inobata mabhiriyoni 73.6 emabhiri 6. Zvose zvakafanana naMay 31, 2015. (Chinhu: "SPR Storage Sites," US Department of Energy.)

Iko kukwirira kwemazai mana emabhavha mana ndiyo mamiriyoni 727 emigare. Yakazosvika iyo yose yakazadzwa yekutanga kwekutanga munaDecember 2009. Inzvimbo dzakachengetwa neFederalally dzinogona kutora nguva inopfuura mwedzi mina inotengeswa kunze kana iyo inenge yambove yakakodzera. Inogona kutora pasi mamiriyoni 4.4 emigiramu pazuva. Kuti uwane kuti mafuta akawanda ari kuwanikwa zvakadini, ona SPR Inventory.

Hurumende yehurumende ine mafuta ose akachengetwa.

Nenzira yakanaka, hurumende yakabhadhara $ 29,70 pamigero (pamusana). The SPR chete inodhura $ 25.7 mabhiriyoni. Kubva ipapo, $ 5 bhiriyoni yaiva mari yakatarwa yekubhadhara nzvimbo yacho uye $ 20.7 mabhiriyoni akabhadhara mafuta. (Chinobva: "SPR Quick Facts," DOE)

Mafuta Anobudiswa

Nguva dzose nguva yekutengeswa kwegesi inosvika $ 4 negorooni, pane nhare dzinosunungura mafuta kubva kuP SPR.

Asi pane mazano akaoma anotarisa apo mafuta anogona kusunungurwa. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa muNyika yeNyanzvi yeNyika uye Chekuchengetedza.

1. Mutungamiri wehurumende anokwanisa kurayira kukanganisa kwakazara kana kune nguva refu yekushaya simba kwezvinhu inopisa kuchengeteka kwenyika kana zvekugadzirisa hupfumi.
2. Mutungamiri wehurumende angarayira kuderedzwa kuduku kwemabhiri mamiriyoni makumi matatu emadhora kana pane uwandu hwekushaiwa kwemafuta.
3. Munyori weMagetsi anogona kupedza kuedza kuedza kuvhara kwevhiri mamiriyoni mashanu. (Chinyorwa: "Strategic Petroleum Reserves," DOE.)

Kusunungurwa kusina kukwana kunoitika sechikamu chekutsinhanisa nekambani yega yega kudzivisa dambudziko. I-SPR inogona kusunungura mafuta kana yakagamuchira zvakawanda kupfuura iyo yakabhadharwa. Heino chidimbu chemafuta iyo yakasunungurwa.

1991 - Mutungamiri George HWBush akarayira kusunungurwa kunogadzirisa kushandiswa kwepasi rose pasi peOp Operation Desert Storm. Kuti uwane mamwe mashoko pamusoro peP SPR inosunungurwa, ona SPR Drawdown.

1996 - Chimwe che $ 227 mamiriyoni mumafuta chaitengeswa kuti chienzanise bhajeti. Oiri yakatengeswawo kuti ibhadhara nokuda kwekugadzirisa nzvimbo yeSvondos Island nzvimbo yekuchengetedza, iyo yakanga yatyoka. Mamiriyoni emigodhi yakatsinhaniswa apo bhora re ARCO rakavharwa.

1997 - Congress yakarayira kuti madhiyoni makumi maviri nemamiriyoni emafuta anotengeswa kuti aenzanise bhadharo yehurumende.

1998 - Mamiriyoni gumi nemana mabharani akachinjana nemamiriyoni emamiriyoni 8.5 emafuta akakwirira.

2000 - The SPR yakabhadhara mabhiriyoni 500 000 kuti ichinatsiridze apo kambani yeCalcasieu yakavharwa. Gare gare gore iro, Mutungamiriri weClinton akarayira mamiriyoni maviri emvura kumba kwemafuta ekuchengetedza mafuta. I-SPR yakashandura mafuta ayo asina mavara nemafisi ega ega nokuda kwemafuta anopisa anodiwa.

2002 - Hurricane Lili yakada kugoverana mabhiriki 98 000.

2004 - Dutu guru Ivan raida mamiriyoni mashanu emari yemari. Pakazosvika 2005, zviyero zvemamiriyoni 5,6 zvakanga zvichiripo.

2005 - Mutungamiri George W. Bush akarayira kudengenyeka kutora nzvimbo yekugadzirwa kwemafuta yakarashika semugumisiro weEngururu Katrina munguva yekuwa kwegore ra2005. Ndokusaka mitengo yegesi yakawedzera kusvika ku $ 5 gariyoni. Mafuta ekugadzira zvinhu uye kutakura zvakanga zvakuvadzwa nedutu. The SPR yakabatsira kuchengetedza gesi mitengo pamutengo usingakwanisi kusvikira ichi chekugadzirwa kwezvinhu chagadziriswa.

The SPR yakabudiswa mamiriyoni makumi maviri nemamiriyoni. Asi mafuta akanga asunungurwa sechitsinhanho pamberi pemutungamiri wemitemo.

2006 - The SPR yakabhadhara mabhiriyoni 750 000 kumigodhi yekugadzirisa nzvimbo apo Calcasieu Ship Chanunel yakange yakavharwa kubva pamafuta, uye 767,000 mapuranga apo Sabine Neches gwara rakavharwa nekuda kwekukanganisa kwegomba. Zvose zvikwereti zvakabhadharwa gare gare gore iroro.

2008 - Pamberi peHurricane Gustav achiuya kumahombekombe musi waSeptember 1, 2008, the SPR yakanga yasvika mamiriyoni 707.21 mireza, iyo yakakwirira kupfuura yose yakambosvika kusvikira musi iwoyo. Tsanangudzo yekutsvaga kwekukurumidzira yakaitwa mushure mokumupupurirwa Gustav, yakateverwa munguva pfupi pashure pacho neEngururu Ike, yakaderedza uwandu nemigodhi mamiriyoni 5,4 kusvika muna 2009, apo yaibhadharwa.

2011 - Mutungamiri Obama akatungamira kusunungurwa musi waJune 23, 2011, kugadzirisa kurasikirwa kwekugadzirwa kwemhaka nekuda kwedambudziko reLibya. IU.America yakabudisa mabhiriyoni makumi matatu emabharani mukubatana pamwe nemamiriyoni makumi matanhatu emigare yakabudiswa kubva kune dzimwe nhengo dzeInternational Energy Agency.

2012 - Miriyoni imwe yemabhadharo yakakweretwa kuMarathon Petroleum Company kukanganisa kukanganisa kwakakonzerwa neTropical Storm Isaac.

2017 - Musi waAugust 31, Dhipatimendi reMagetsi razivisa kuti raizobudisa mapurisa 500 000 emafuta asina kuchena kubva muRwanda. Ichapa mafuta akavhiringidzika neEntric Harvey . Kusunungurwa kuchaenda kuPhillips 66 kunatswa muLake Charles, Louisiana. Izvozvo hazvina kukuvara nedutu. Iko kunatswa kuchadzorerazve mafuta kudzokera kuChitsuwa apo iyo yero inodzokera kune yakajairika. (Inobva: "United States Inosunungura Mabhiriyoni Emazana emafuta eMafuta kubva kuStategic Reserve," Reuters, August 31, 2017.)

2018 - Musi waFebruary 9, Congress yakabvumidza kusunungura mabhiriyoni zana emiganhu sechikamu chebvumirano bhajeti ye 2018 . Ichasunungura 15 kubva muzana yeHurumende yose kubva pakati pe2022 ne2027. Mari inowanikwa ichabatsira kubhadhara hurumende.

Global Reserves

Nhengo dzose dzenhengo dze International Energy Administration dzakachengetedza, asi US SPR ndiyo yenyika huru. Nyika imwe neimwe inochengetedza mazuva makumi mapfumbamwe ekutengeswa kwemaoko. Izvi zvinodzivirira kusagadzikana kwekugadzirisa, zvichibva kune dzimwe nyika nemafuta-anotumira kunze kwenyika kana kukanganisa kubva mhirizhonga nezvimwe njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga.

Kwakanga kune mabhiriyoni emadhora mabhiriyoni akachengetwa muhutano hwepasi rose munaOctober 2011. Neizvi, mabhiriyoni mashanu akabatwa nehurumende, pamwe chete nemasara anotungamirirwa nemabhizimusi. Simba rekuchengetedza haritauri muzviroro zvevhu zvinopupurirwa, izvo zvinofanirwa kuwanika pakugadzirwa. (Inobva: "Strategic Oil Reserves," Reuters.)