Iko US Simba Nyukireya Mhinduro yeKushanduka Kwemamiriro Ezemuviri here?
(Nhamba dzisiri dzeUnited States dzinobva muna 2014. Nhamba dzekupedzisira hadziwaniki.)
Utungamiri hweUnited States hwakabva pane basa rawo rekare seapiyona wekugadzirisa kwekugadzira simba renyukireya. Yakatanga kugadziriswa mumvura, Yankee Rowe, yakatanga muna 1960 uye yakashanda kusvika muna 1992. (Chinyorwa: "Simba reNyukliya muU.SA," World Nuclear Association, April 2017.)
Nzvimbo Dzemagetsi Nyukliya
Kune makumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi mashanu ekushandisa magetsi enyukireya mumakumi matatu ehurumende. Vakawanda vari kumabvazuva kweRwizi rwaMisissippi (ona mapu). Izvo zvinokonzera madhora 40 - $ 50 biliyoni imwe neimwe mumagetsi ekutengesa uye inogadzira mabasa anopfuura 100 000. Dhora roga roga rakashandiswa nemavhareji reactor rinokwana $ 1.87 muhupfumi hweUnited States. (Inobva: "Nuclear Energy Economic Benefits," Nuclear Energy Institute, April 2014.)
US magetsi emagetsi anokonzera 19,7 muzana ye 4.079 trillion kWh ye US total production magetsi muna 2016. Yaiva yechipiri kumarasha (30 muzana) uye gasi rezvisikwa (34 muzana).
Iyo yakakura kudarika hydroelectricity (6.5 muzana) uye zvimwe zvinoshandiswa zvinosanganisira simba remhepo (8.4 muzana).
Kunewo 36 test reactors pamayunivhesiti ekutsvakurudza (ona mapu). Inoshandiswa kugadzira maduku mashoma emayero ekuedza. Iyi ndiyo iyo masayendisiti anodzidza neutron uye mamwe maitiro mashoma, chengetedza motokari uye yezvokurapa uye dzidza nzira yekurapa nayo zvirwere zvekenza.
(Inobva: "Regrounder on Research and Test Reactors," NRC, August 18, 2011.)
Simba Renyukireya Rinoshanda Sei?
Zvose zvinoshandisa simba zvinopisa mvura kuti ibudise steam, iyo inoshandura jenereta kugadzira magetsi. Muzvivako zvemagetsi enyukireya, iyo steam inogadzirwa nehuni hunokonzerwa nuclear nuclear fission. Ndiko apo atomu inoparadzaniswa, kusunungura simba rakawandisa remagetsi mumamiriro ekupisa.
Uranium 235 inoshandiswa sehuni nokuti inoparadzanisa nyore nyore kana inoputirana neutron. Kana izvozvo zvichitiitika, mapetetoni anobva kuUranium pachake anotanga kutarisana nemamwe maatomu. Izvi zvinotanga kushandiswa kweketani. Ndokusaka mabhomba enyukireya ane simba.
Inogadzirikireya inogadzirisa, mararamiro emaketani anotungamirirwa nematanda akakosha anowedzera neutron yakawandisa pasina. Idzi idzi dzinodzivirira dzinoshandiswa pedyo nehuni dzinotyisa, dzine uranium mafuta pellets. Anopfuura mazana maviri ematanda aya akabatanidzwa mune izvo zvinozivikanwa semusangano wefurairi. Apo injini dzinoda kupedzisa pasi, zvinoderedza mamwe maitiro ekudzivirira mukati memusangano. Pavanenge vachida kupisa, vanosimudza tsvimbo. (Chinobva: "Nyukireya Inogadzira Sei?" Duke Energy.)
United States ine marudzi maviri emagetsi enyukireya emagetsi. Pane makumi matanhatu nematanhatu emvura inokonzerwa nemhepo yakasvibiswa uye 34 inopisa mvura inoita.
Zvinopesana nezvokuti kupisa kunoshandiswa sei kubva kumagadziri kuenda kune jenereta.
Kufuridzira mvura inoshandiswa mvura inoshandisa simba rakawanda kuti kuchengetedza mvura iri muitakiti kubva pakubikira. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti zvipise kune zvakakwirira-mazinga. Iyo kupisa inoshandiswa kuburikidza nemipopu kune imwe yakadzika mudziyo mujenereta. Iko kunogadzira mhepo inotungamirira motokari yegesi. Mvura inobva mumutumbi wacho inodzoka kuti idzoke zvakare. Mhepo inobva kubva mumhepo inoputika yakanyoroveswa mukati memhepo. Izvozvo zvinogadziriswa mvura inodzoserwa zvakare kumusiya jenereta. Heino mhando yehupenyu hwemhepo yakamanikidzwa yemvura.
Kubika mvura inoshandisa kune rumwe rutivi, shandisa mvura inopisa kuti uite zvakananga steam kuti utakure jenereta. Heino mhuka yehupenyu yemvura inopisa yemvura.
Chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti iyo yose inotanga kuitika mune imwe nzvimbo kuitira kuchengetedza nyika yekunze kubva kune chero kusvibiswa.
Masimba ane simba anogona kubviswa uye kunyange akamira nokukurumidza. (Ikoko: "Nyukliya Inoshanda Sei?", UNAE.)
Kubatsirwa
Simba remagetsi reyukireya haritauri chero upi hwemagetsi anopisa, zvakasiyana nemarasha uye gasi chaiwo.
Vanogadzira 0,5 mabasa emaawa ose egagawatt (mWh) emagetsi anobudiswa. Izvi zvakaenzaniswa nemabasa 0,9 mumarasha, 0,05 mabasa mumiti inotsvaga uye ine 0.05 mumasimba emhepo. Iyo chete imwe simba rine simba rinogadzira mamwe mabasa / mWh solar photovoltaic, pa 1.06 jobs / mWh. (Inobva: "Nuclear Energy Economic Benefits," Nuclear Energy Institute, April 2014. )
Kwemakumi emakore, simba renyukireya rave rine mari shoma yekushanda mari. Pasi 1.87 cent / kWh (2008 nhamba), ndiyo 68 muzana yemari yemarasha. Uye kusvika munguva ichangopfuura, yakanga iri 25 muzana yemari yegasi chaiyo.
Kutya nezvekudziya kwepasi pose kunopesana nekuvaka kwekuvaka kwemazimbe emashonga emashonga emarara. Somugumisiro, kubva muna 1992 kusvika muna 2005, mamwe megawatts 270,000 emagetsi emagetsi matsva-akafirwa masvingo akavakwa. Panguva iyoyo, iyo mbeu yakaratidza kuva nechepasi pekutsvaga mari. Somugumisiro, MWe chete 14 000 MWe wemagetsi enyukireya uye mazimbe-akadzimirwa akabuda paIndaneti. Yakabatsira kubhadhara gasi yemasikirwo emitengo, kukamanikidza vashandisi vepamabhizimisi vakura kubva kune dzimwe nyika uye kusundira gasi-kupiswa kwemagetsi kunotora 10 cents / kWh.
Kukanganisika
Kune zvipingamupinyi zviviri zvinokonzera simba renyukireya, nekuda kwehutachiona hwemafuta ayo.
1. Netsaona pachigadzirwa inogona kusunungura zvinhu zvakasvibiswa mumhepo zvakasvibiswa sepurefu (gore-kufanana nekugadzirisa) yemhepo inokonzera magasi uye zvisikwa. Izvi zviputi zvino zvinopinza kana kunyorerwa nevanhu nemhuka kana kuiswa pasi. Izvozvo zvikamu zvinoumbwa nemaatomu asina kudzikama anopa simba rakawanda, iro rinonzi radiation, kusvikira vasimba. Mukuderera kwemasero, miviri yakaipa haina ngozi. Pashure pekugumburwa kwe nyukireya kunyange zvakadaro, maitiro makuru anoparadza masero ehupenyu uye anogona kukonzera kuchinja, kurwara uye kufa.
Izvo zvinogona kugadzirisa kukanganiswa kwe nyukireya zvinogona kuva nengozi, sezvinoonekwa muChernobyl neFukushima , kunyange zvazvo mikana yezviitiko zvakadaro zvichiitika isingawanzoitiki. Dambudziko rezvombo zvenyukireya rega reUnited States raive paTatu Mile Island muna 1979 apo magetsi emotokari akasvibiswa. Chero shoma shoma rega rega rega rakabudiswa. Kwakange kusina hutano hunoenzanisa. Kunyange zvakadaro, hapana magetsi matsva emagetsi enyu akavakwa kwemakore makumi matatu.
Vanenge mamiriyoni matatu veAmerica vanorarama mukati memakiromita gumi kubva mune chimwe chinhu chinomera. Vanoisa pangozi kutengesa kwemazuva emhepo kana pakaitika njodzi. Kana iwe uri mumwe wevanhu ivavo, heino nzira yekugadzirira ngozi.
2. Kurasa zvombo zvenyukireya ndiko kusakosha kukuru. Nzvimbo yakaderera-yakasvibisa inobva pakusangana nemafuta enyukireya mumazuva ese-masikati. Icho chiri kutorwa pa-site kana chinotumirwa kunzvimbo yakadzika yakasvibiswa mune imwe yenyika 37. (Chinobva: "Kuderedza Nzvimbo Yakadzika," US Nuclear Regulatory Commission.)
Nzvimbo yakakwirira-yakasvibiswa inosanganisira mafuta anoshandiswa. Zvinotora mazana ezviuru zvemakore kuti arege kubvisa. Panguva ino, matani makumi manomwe ezana emafuta aya anochengetwa pamagetsi emagetsi ivo pachavo. (Mukoko: "Faff uye Kuparara," Economist, August 29, 2015.)
MuNuclear Waste Policy Act muna 1982, Congress yakapa US Nuclear Regulatory Commission kuti igadzire, kuvaka, kushanda uye pakupedzisira kugadziriswa kwekusingaperi geologic repository yekusarudzwa kwemarara yakakwirira muYucca Mountain, Nevada.
Vakuru vakuru vemunharaunda havadi dambudziko mumamiriro avo enyika. Vakanonoka kukura kwayo kusvikira muna 2013 apo NRC yakakunda nyaya yacho muUnited States Court of Appeals. Muna 2015, NRC yakazadza kuchengetedzwa kwekuchengetedzwa uye yakatanga kushanda paImpact Impact Statement. (Kubva: "Kurasikirwa Kwemafuro Akakwirira," US Nuclear Regulatory Commission.)
Ramangwana reUnited States Nuclear Nuclear
Gore roga roga US inotengeswa magetsi inofanirwa kuwedzera 28 muzana ne2040. Nekuwedzera kwemafuta uye gasi mitengo uye kunetseka pamusoro pekudziya kwepasi pose, simba renyukireya rakatanga kutarisa zvakare. Mukupera kwema1990, simba renyukireya rakaonekwa senzira yekuderedza kuzvidzora pane kutengeswa kwemafuta uye gasi. Iri shanduko shanduko rakaronga nzira yekukura kukuru mune nyukliya.
Sangano reEner Policy Policy ra2005 rakapa zvikwereti zvemari zvekuvakwa kwezvigadzirwa zvemasimba enyukireya. Paivawo nemitemo mitatu yekuraira iyo yakagadzirisa nzira:
- A streamline design certification process.
- Urongwa hwemvumo yekutanga yepaeni.
- Kubatanidzwa kwekuvakwa nekushanda kwepaisense.
Kubva muna 2007, makambani akakumbira zvikwata makumi maviri nemakumi mana zvemauto enyukireya. Kune zvitsva zvina zvitsva zvichigadzirwa. Westinghouse iri kuvaka maviri muGeorgia uye maviri muSouth Carolina. (Ikoko: "Westinghouse Buys CB & I Nuclear Unit," The Wall Street Journal, Gumiguru 29, 2015)
Kune rumwe rutivi, kukanganisa kwemafuta emudzimai shale uye gasi chaiyo kwakaita kuti gesi isingakwanisi kutenga nzira yekugadzirisa matanho emagetsi enyukireya ekare. Somugumisiro, zvirimwa zvina zvakavhara mumakore maviri ekupedzisira. Kuchengetedza zviyero zvekugadzira simba renyukireya zvinoshandisa zvinodhura zvinopfuura kungovaka zvitsva zvinokonzerwa negasi. Inotonyanya kudhura kudarika kugadzirisa kwekare mashizha emagetsi akadzimirwa kune gasi chaiwo.
Nokudaro, ramangwana rekuwedzera simba renyukireya muAmerica rinotarisirwa nemagetsi emagetsi. Kana vakasimukazve uye vakaramba vachikwirira, tarisira pfungwa yekudzoka kune simba renyukireya. (Chinyorwa: "Mumwe Muparidzi Anopedza, Achigadzirisa Nyaya Yechokwadi yeUnited States Nuclear," National Geographic, January 1, 2015.)