Pros uye Cons ye Shale Mafuta Production
Iyo Mafuta eShule Anogadzirwa Uye Akabviswa
Chokutanga, makambani emafuta anowira pasi kusvika pamakiromita maviri, apo mavara eiri uye shale aripo.
Vanobva vapa kuputika kwemvura, jecha, uye makemikari kuti apwanise shale uye asunungure mafuta. Ijecha rinoita kuti zviputi zvivhurwe. Iko kunobvumira mafuta kupinda mumvura.
Mune minda yeBhakken, vanokonzera zvinoshandisa zvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana kuti zvigadzire kupera kwenguva refu. Zvinoshungurudza zvikamu zviduku zvekugadzirwa kwemakwenzi. Izvo zvinovabvumira kuti vafunge kubuda kwemvura munzvimbo dzakatarwa.
Kufambira mberi kwechipiri kwekombiki kwaive kwakanyanyisa kudonha. Mushure mokunge vafambisi vachikanda tsime, vanoritengesa pane 90-degree angle. Vanobva vadaro vachimhanya zvakananga kuburikidza nehutano hwakagadzirwa. Chitubu chakanaka chinogona kumhanya kwenguva refu semakiromita maviri. Kunyange zvazvo mamwe makambani akashandisa kushandiswa kwekugadzirisa kwepamusoro gore ra2004, harina kukwana kusvika muna 2009. Ndiyo apo Brigham Oil & Gas vakabudirira kuparadzanisa rimwe gumbo risina kureba muna 25. Kambani yakanamatira gumbo rimwe nerimwe nekuzvidira, richipa kudzoka kwakakwirira pane yekutsvaga.
Pros
Shale mafuta ekudhonza maitiro anowedzera kushandiswa kupfuura hutsika hwemafuta zvakanaka. Kutora kwekutanga kunongotarisa makumi mana kubva muzana yemari yose. Kubvisa mafuta kunokwana $ 1 Mamiriyoni kuitira tsime rimwe nerimwe.
Izvozvo zvakaita kuti shale huwedzere mafuta inobatsira apo mafuta akazosvika $ 100 nemurangi. Apo mitengo yemafuta inowira, makambani emafuta anochera anoenderera mberi achichera.
Vanomira kubvisa uye kuchengeta mafuta mumavhu. Vanodana idzi matsime DUCs for Drill uye Cover. Vanokwanisa kuchengetedza kusvikira mafuta emitengo achidzoka ku $ 60 mubhairi. Panguva iyoyo, vanogona kutanga kutora mafuta kubva mumatsime avakatotanga. Izvozvo zvicharamba zvichitengesa mitengo kubva pakukwira kupfuura iyo iyo yepamusoro. Ikozvino maitirwo emafuta emitengo anoratidza kuti vacharamba vari mukati mazvo.
Izvi zvakakosha nokuti mutengo wemafuta unotsanangurwa nehuwandu kupfuura mitemo yekudiwa uye kupa. Inzwi rekuisa mari rinowedzera simba pamatoro eiri. Vanotengesa mafuta pamusoro pekutengeserana kwezvinhu zvepasi rese. Vatengesi vanogona kutengesa mutengo wemafuta pasi kana kuti kumusoro, zvichienderana nekufunga kwavo kwezvinhu zvinobata mafuta. Vakagadzira mararamiro emafuta mumafuta muna 2008. Vakatengesa mutengo weWest Texas Intermediate kusvika pa $ 145 pari. Ava vatengesi ndivo chinhu chikuru chinoita kuti mitengo yemafuta ive yakakwirira .
Izvo zvakanga zviri pasinei neKukuru Kudzosera . Mitengo inodonhedwa kusvika $ 30 nebarrel gare gare gore iroro, nekuda kwekutya, kwete kuchinja kukuru kwekupa kana kudiwa. Kuvhiringidzika kwemafuta emafuta kwakaita kuti mutengo wemari muna 2008 uite chinhu chimwe chete.
Muna 2011, mutengo wamafuta wakawedzera kusvika $ 100 nebarari. Sezvo mutengo wakaramba uine huwandu hwakadaro, vatengesi vemafuta e-shale vakatanga kutema matsime.
Vakaputika pamusika, vachityaira mutengo pasi muna 2014. Nenguva iyo, vakanga vadzidza kuti vangatora sei mari shoma. Izvozvo zvakagadzira US shale oil boom iyo yakatungamirira kumushambadzi .
Cons
Fracking inopesana nekuda kwezvikonzero zviviri. Chokutanga, inoshandisa zvinhu zvakawanda zvepanyika . Pamberi pe drillers inogona kubvisa donho rokutanga remafuta, inofanira kuputira mumotokari mazana mana emvura. Vanoshandisawo mazana emotokari yezvimwe zvinhu. Kunze kwekuti mvura isati yasvika panzvimbo, inofanira kutorwa mukati. Ikoko inenge yakachengetwa mumatangi makuru kusati kwasvika kunogona kutanga. Kuumbwa kwemvura inoputika kune chikwata kune imwe kambani.
Chechipiri, migumisiro haina kuzivikanwa. Ndiko nokuti vanokanganisa havafaniri kuita maererano neHave Drinking Water Act. Mharaunda haazive kuti makemikari ari pedyo nechitsime chemvura mumvura. Mazhinji emvura anoputirwa anodzokera kumusoro.
Izvo zvisingazivikanwi pasi pemakemikari pasi pano zvinogona kuzvisvibisa. Izvo zvinosanganisira tsanangudzo yehuwandu hwehupfumi. Zvimwe zviitiko zvekurapwa kwemvura hazvikwanisi kutarisana nemvura iyi, saka mapoka emafuta anoiputira mumadziva. Masayendisiti vachiri kudzidza kudzidza kwenguva refu.
Fracking inogonawo kukonzera kudengenyeka kwenyika. IU.S. Geological Survey yakabudisa makopu anoratidza zvimwe zvikamu zveTexas neAklahoma zvino vane ngozi imwe chete yekudengenyeka kwenyika seCalifornia. Vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni manomwe vanogara pedyo nemiti inochera vari munjodzi. Matsime anoita kuti kudengenyeka kwenyika kuburikidza kuputira mvura yakasviba mumiti yakanaka. Iyo yakanyanya-kudzvinyirira kupemha inogona kuita kuti kuchinja kuve mumatsetse ekukanganisa. Ngozi yezvinokambaira yakasimuka zvikuru kubva muna 2014.