Tsanangudzo: Mafuta anoveza ndeye rudzi rwe sedimentary dombo rakapfuma mujerogen. Izvo zvinhu hazvisi mvura yefuta petroleum, asi zvinhu zvinokonzerwa ne prehistoric marine plants nemhuka. Kerogen inogona kushandurwa kuva mafuta kana yakatsamwa kwenguva yakakwana. Mafuta shale haafaniri kunge akavhiringidzwa nemafuta e- shale , ayo ari chaiwo mafuta akabatanidzwa mumatanda edombo re shale.
Oiri shale haisati yatengeserana. Zvisinei, Congress yakagadzira kutsvaga kwemafuta kunonyanya kukoshesa kwenyika mu "Mafuta Shale, Tar Sands, uye Rimwe Sangano reChinhu chisina kuwanikwa cheMafuta yegore ra2005." Somugumisiro, matambudziko ekugadzira mafuta kubva munharaunda yakawanda-yakawanda iri kukundwa nemichina itsva.
Izvi zvinogona kuita kuti US ive nyika inotengeserana namafuta, nokudaro kubvisa kushandiswa kwaro kune dzimwe nyika mafuta.
Mafuta Shale Reserves
Kunyange zvazvo huni hwemafuta hunowanikwa munyika yose, US inokwana nzvimbo huru, inofungidzirwa pakati pe 1.3 kusvika ku3 trillion barrels, muGreen River yakagadzirwa muColorado, Utah, uye Wyoming. Kunyange kana 800 mabhiriyoni mabharari anogona kunyatsogadziriswa, ichi chichiri katatu chikuru kupinda mabhiriyoni 262.6 mabhiriyoni muzvigadziro zvemafuta eAradi Arabia. US oil shale reserves inogona kugovera zvido zveAmerica zveAmerica, mamiriyoni makumi maviri emabhiri pazuva, kwemakore zana. (Inobva: "Mafuta eMelika Anowana Mafuta Akawanda Kupfuura OPEC," ABC News, November 13, 2012. "Mafuta Shale Guide," US Bureau of Land Management.)
Inenge mamiriyoni matatu emafuta anochengeterwa mafuta anove nehurumende yeUnited States, kubva muna 1910 Pickett Act. Izvi zvakagadzirisa zviwanikwa muCalifornia uye Wyoming kugovera mafuta kuUnited States Navy, iyo yakanga ichichinja kubva kumalahle kusvika kumafuta kuti ipe zvikepe zvayo.
Iyo Navy yakagadzira Naval Petroleum uye Oil Shale Reserves Program kuburikidza ne1925. Yakawedzerwa neMutungamiri Roosevelt weHondo Yenyika II. Nzvimbo yekutanga yekuchengetedzwa kwenyika, Elk Hills muCalifornia, yakagadzira mafuta yeNavy, uye yakabva yatengeswa kuWesidental Petroleum ye $ 3.65 mabhiriyoni muna 1998 - iyo yakawanda inoshandiswa mumusangano weUnited States.
Kunyange zvakadaro, zvigadziro zve shale zvichiri zveimba yeU.B. Bureau of Land Management. (Chinyorwa: "Mafuta Shale Reserves," Daily Reckoning,)
Oiri Shale Chibage
Kazhinji, Zvisikwa zvinotora mamiriyoni emakore ekudzvinyirira uye kupisa kuti vashandure kerogen mu mafuta shale kuti vasave mafuta. Munhu anogona kukurumidza kuita izvi kuburikidza nekutsvaira shale mumakomba akazaruka. Icho zvino chinopisa muitiro unonzi retorting. Mafuta ipapo anofanira kunge akaparadzaniswa kubva padombo uye akaunganidza. Izvi zvinodhura, zvinogadzira mapanga akazaruka anokwanisa kuonekwa kubva munzvimbo, uye anoguma mumatoni ejecha rinotyisa rinofanira kuchengetedzwa zvakachengeteka.
Shell yakagadzira nzira yekupisa shale pasi pevhu ichikurumidza kuita izvi zvakasikwa. Iyi in-situ kutendeuka inogadzira hutsva kusvika 650 - 750 degrees Fahrenheit kwemakore maviri kusvika matatu. Izvi zvinosunungura mafuta emagetsi uye gasi, iyo inobva yatumirwa kusvika kumusoro. (Chinyorwa: "Oiri Shale Overview," Institute for Energy Research.)
Mafuta anozora hutori inodhura kudhura kudarika mafuta anowanzogadzirwa, asi achiri kukwana mari inoenderana nemafuta emazuva ano. Zvinodhura $ 40- $ 80 murongo kuti uwanezve, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha pamadhora madhora zana nemurangi. Iko simba rakasimba, asi hazvirevi kudarika huwandu hwemafuta e shale uye mamwe mafuta "akasimba".
Ichokwadi kuti 25% yezvigadzirwa zvakasununguka inofanira kushandiswa kubvisa ibha rinotevera. Zvisinei, chiyero ichi chave chashandiswa kushandiswa kwechigadzirwa chemafuta che "mafuta". Uyezve, kuguma kwechigadzirwa kwakawanda uye kunonatsa kupfuura mafuta akawanda asina mafuta .
Mapoka emagariro anonyanya kunetseka nezvehuwandu hwemvura inodiwa kubudisa mafuta shale. Izvi zvakanyanya kunetseka kuWest. Pakati pekutanga kusvika matatu zvitatu zvemvura zvinodiwa kuti uite imwe unit ye mafuta. Zvisinei, izvi zvinenge chikamu chimwechete chegumi mvura inoda kubereka biofuels, iyo inoda zviyo zvakanyanya-yakadyarwa sechinhu chayo. (Chinhu: Jeremy Boak, Mutungamiriri weCentral for Oil Shale Technology nekutsvakurudza, Colorado School of Mines)
Kunyange zvazvo vakavimbisa, kuwedzera kwechigodhi kuchiri kunofanira kugadzirisa matambudziko makuru e teknolojia. Chikuru ndechekuita chokwadi kuti mafuta haafaniri kupinda mumvura yakapoteredza tafura.
Nzira yakanakisisa yekuita izvi inosvibisa mvura yakakomberedza nzvimbo yekudzura. Iwe unogona kuona nyore nyore kuti kuchengetedza mvura yakanyunguduka kunharaunda yakatsvaga kusvika kune 750 degree inetso yehutano uye inodhura.
Pakupedzisira asi kwete zvishoma, kubisa mafuta kunogona kutyisidzira mhuka dzomusango, kuwedzera kusvibiswa kwemhepo, uye kuunza tsvina. Kupisa kwepasi pose inyaya. Chimwe nechimwe chemafuta anobudiswa chinokonzerwa chinokonzera zvikamu makumi maviri zve CO2, zvichienzaniswa nezvikamu zvina zveC02 yezvikamu zvose zvemafuta asina kuchena. Nokudaro, chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuvandudzika mumagetsi ekuwedzera, panzvimbo yemutengo wemafuta. (Zvinyorwa: Zvimwewo Zvimwewo Zvimwe Zvimwe Zvimwe Zvimwe, Hurumende Inoshandiswa Nhamba , August 2008; Kubvunzurudzwa naGavin Longmuir, muongorori we International International Petroleum Consultants Association, Inc. Ane makore anopfuura makumi maviri nemakore makumi maviri nemasere akawanikwa semuchina wepetroleum munyika yose yemafuta, kukura kwemazuva emangwana emafuta, kuongororwa kwezvoupfumi emikana yekutsvaga uye kuongororwa kwemichina itsva.)