Kurutivi rweAmerican Shale Oil Boom uye Bust
Kuvonga kwekushandiswa kwemafuta kwemafuta, kuvimba kune dzimwe nyika mafuta anobva kune dzimwe nyika akapinda. Sangano reUnited Energy Agency rinotsanangura kuti US inotsigira mafuta kunze kwenyika ichasvika ku 34 kubva muna 2019.
Izvo zvichibva kune 45 muzana muna 2011, uye 60 muzana muna 2005. (Chinyorwa: "2015 Forecast, Energy Information Agency.)
US Shale Boom uye Bust
Zvinhu zviviri zvakakonzera US shale mafuta boom. Chokutanga, mutengo wemafuta wakaenzana nemadhora makumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi matatu nemabharia kwemakore matatu (2011- 2014). Zvakakwana kubvumira shale kutsvakurudza uye kugadzirwa kunobatsira.
Chechipiri, mari yakaderera inotora mabhizinesi uye vashandi vekutsanangurira vashandi zvakasimba kukurudzira zvakasimba kukweretesa kusungirira makambani emafuta. Zvose zvezvikwereti zvakasvika madhora mazana maviri nemakumi maviri emadhora mabhiriyoni muna 2014. (Chinyorwa: "Chikwereti uye Alive," The Economist, Gumiguru 10, 2015.)
Kuwedzerwa kwekugadzirwa kwakakonzera kukanganisa kwakatumira mitengo kutamba. Mitengo yeWest Texas Crude yakawa kubva ku $ 106 / mbiya munaJune 2014 kusvika ku $ 32.10 nebarundi musi waJanuary 7, 2016. Icho chave chakadzika sechepasi paHarare Recession ($ 30.28 musi waDecember 23, 2008). Nokuda kwezvimwe, ona Matengo eGhasi muna 2008 .
Ko US yakashongedza zvigadzirwa zvinokonzera izvo zvakawanda zvekunyanyisa here?
Aiwa. Mutengo wakaderera wakanyanya kuwedzerwa nevatengesi vemabhizimisi. Vanotengesa mafuta emagariro emagariro ematunhu ekutengeserana yakafanana nemakasarudzo ekusarudza . Iko pfungwa dzinogona kuita kuti vatengese mitengo pamusana pokushayikwa, uye kuvaderedze pasi munguva yakawanda. Vakaita chinhu chimwe chete muna 2008. Vasati vatumira mitengo pasi, vakagadzira kubwinya kwezvinhu , vachitya motokari kusvika kusvika $ 145 nebarundi pakutanga muna 2008.
Chimwe chikonzero chikonzero chaiva chakanyanya kuderera ndechekuti vashandi veirivha vaifura vairamba vachichera. Vakava nani pakutsvaga mari yavakawedzera. Vabhengi vavo vairamba vachikwira pamusoro pechikwereti yavo chero bedzi kudiwa kwezvikwereti kwakaramba kuri pasi. Vaparidzi vazhinji vakange vatotengesa mafuta avo mune ramangwana ramangwana apo mitengo yaive yakakwirira. Izvo zvakavhara mari yavo. Kuti varambe vachichengetedza misika, OPEC yakaramba ichipomba mafuta. Kazhinji, iyo yaizogadzira michina semafuta emafuta akawira. (Kubva: "Sezvo Mafuta Anoramba Achiwa, Hapana Anovhenekera," The Wall Street Journal, December 7, 2015.)
Izvo zvipfeko uye bindu rinenge riri kusvika pakuguma. Kutanga, mabhangi anoshandisa mairi emafuta semari. Sezvo mitengo yemafuta inodonha, ndizvo zvinoitawo kukosha kwezvibvumirano. Somugumisiro, vakawanda vanokora drill vaka "svetuka-pasi." Chinhu chimwechete chakaitika kuvaridzi vepamba vakawanda munguva ye subprime mortgage crisis . Somugumisiro, vanokonzera havasi kuwedzera zvikwata zvakakurumidza sezvavakamboita. (Inobva: "US Shale Juggernaut Anoratidza Zviratidzo Zvokuneta," The Wall Street Journal, Gumiguru 5, 2017.)
Chechipiri, Fed inokurudzira mutengo wemari . Vatengesi vasave vachida kuendesa chikwereti. Somugumisiro, makambani akawanda anofanirwa kupomesa mafuta akakwana kuti awane mari yakakwana kuti vaite chikwereti chavo chemwedzi. Vachaita izvi pasinei nokuti mitengo yakaderera yakawana sei, uye kunyange iyo isingabatsiri.
Makambani maduku, akadai seSandridge Energy Inc., Energy XXI, uye Halcón Resources, akashandisa 40 muzana yemari gore rapera kuti vaite mwedzi mumwe nomumwe. (Chinobva: "Mafuta Anokonzera Anoparadza Bhuku Rokunyunyuta," The Wall Street Journal, January 11, 2016.)
Chechitatu, ramangwana zvibvumirano zvino zvakatengesa zvakaderera zvakanyanya zvokuti vazhinji vanokanganisa havagoni kukwanisa kuramba vachichera. Kubva munaOctober 2015, vanenge hafu vakanga vakagara vasingabatsiri. Zvizhinji zvave zvatozvipira kubhadhara, uye vashandi 55 000 vakaiswa kunze. Asi EIA inofanotaura kuti mitengo yemafuta ichakwira zvakare munguva . (Mhedziso: "Vanokanganisa Vanoderedza Boom Kurwisa Kuti Vapone," The Wall Street Journal September 24, 2015).
US Shale Mafuta Reserves
Bhakken Field muNorth Dakota neMontona ndiyo yakawanda inogadzira shale mafuta reserve. Munda une mavara ematombo akaoma, ane mafuta anenge makiromita maviri pasi pevhu.
Munda wacho wakaenzana nekukura kweWest Virginia uye wakabudisa 770,000 mabharori emafuta pazuva (saDecember 2012). Kunyange zvazvo kugadzirwa kwakatanga kutora muna 2006, zvikamu zvakapetwa kaviri mumakore maviri apfuura chete. Panguva ino, 95 muzana yezvigadzirwa zvinobva kumatsime akareba. Somugumisiro, North Dakota inotora mafuta akawanda kupfuura Alaska uye iri kupfigira pamabhiri maviri emisi pazuva rakabudiswa neTexas. Mumakore makumi maviri, nhamba yaro yemiti inogona kuwedzera kubva pane ikozvino 8,000 kusvika ku 40,000. Chikamu chechikonzero chekuwedzera ndechekuti imwe neimwe inomira yakaoma pashure pemakore maviri. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mafuta akabatanidzwa muhomwe dzisingabatanidzi mafuta akawanda semiti. Zvisinei, muhuwandu, munda wacho unogona kuva nemadhora mabhiriyoni mana emafuta e shale. (Chinyorwa: "Bakken formation oil and gas drilling mabasa ekugadzirwa kweBarnett," EIA, yaNovember 2, 2011. "Bakken Emerges seConender for US Oil Drilling Crown," CNBC, March 23, 2013.)
IEagle Ford munda muTexas yakabudisa mabhiriyoni 750 000 / zuva segore ra2011, zvinenge zvose kubva kumatsime akakwirira. IU.S. Geological Survey inofungidzira kuti kune mamiriyoni 853 emigare muzvinyorwa zvisingazivikanwi. Drillers vari kutsvaga mafuta ose uye gasi chaiwo. (Mhedziso: "Mitambo yeEagle Ford yokuchera inonyanya kutsvaga kutsvaga kwemafuta uye gasi remvura," EIS, November 2011.)
IUtica field muOhio ine nzvimbo ipi zvayo kubva pa3,3 uye 5.5 mabhiriyoni emigoro yemafuta. Ohio iye zvino inogadzira mabhiriyoni mashanu emafuta emafuta pagore. Kusvika ikozvino, nzvimbo yemafuta iri ichiri kuongororwa. (Ikoko: "Mafuta uye gasi rekugadzira muOhio painosimuka," EIS, Svondo 2011.)
Nzvimbo huru yeUnited States ndiyo Monterey Shale mazano pedyo neBacersfield, California. Inowanika kane mafuta seBakken Field muNorth Dakota. Inenge 1,750 square makire munzvimbo ine 15.4 mabhiriyoni emirire emafuta - anenge 2/3 ehurumende yakazara shale reserves. ICalifornia shale mafuta yakaoma zvikuru kubvisa kupfuura Bhakken, uye mapoka ezvakatipoteredza akawanda anopesana. Ndiyo nokuti maitiro ayo ekugadzira anoda kuwedzera kukanganisa uye kuvhara kwakadzika. Izvo zvine hanya munharaunda iyo inotsigira mhosva yeSan Andreas, uye inowanikwa kare kupfuura kudengenyeka kwayo kwakanaka kwenyika kudengenyeka kwenyika. (Ikoko: T Mafuta Akawanda Mafuta May May Iva Pamwe Chete, "New York Times, February 4, 2013.)
US Shale Oil Companies
Makambani mashanu ekumusoro anozodza mafuta - EOG Resources, Anadarko Petroleum, Apache Corp., Chesapeake Energy, uye Continental Resources - vakaputira 10 kubva muzana yehuwandu hweUnited States hutsika muna 2014. Kunyange makambani maduku emafuta anokwidza chikwereti angakanganiswa, izvi zvishanu zvingangopona, kana zvisina kubudirira. (Chinobva: "Vashandi veUnited States Vakagadzirira Nhamba Yemafuta Mafuta," The Wall Street Journal, Kubvumbi 14-15, 2015.)