Ndiani Chaizvo Ari Kutonga Mafuta Emafuta?
Zvimwe zvikamu zvinogona kungoita kuti vatengesi vaite zvisarudzo. Izvi zvinosanganisira hurumende yeUnited States uye Organ of Petroleum Exporting Countries . Havana kudzora mitengo nokuti vatengesi vanovaisa mumisika.
Mafuta emagariro emagumisiro epamitambo zvibvumirano zvekutenga kana kutengesa mafuta pane imwe nguva mune ramangwana nekuda kwekutenderana-pamutengo. Ivo vanourayiwa pasi pechipanho chekutengeserana nevatengesi vanyoreswa neCommodity Futures Trading Commission. Zvitengesheni zvakatengeswa kwemakore anopfuura zana. ICFTC yakavatonga kubva kuma1920s.
Zvinhu zvevatengesi vanowira muzvikamu zviviri. Vazhinji vamiririri vemakambani avo vanoshandisa mafuta. Vanotenga mafuta ekutakura panguva inotevera mune imwe yakatarwa mutengo. Nenzira iyo, vanoziva mutengo wemafuta, vanogona kuronga mari yavo, uye kuderedza kana kuvhara dambudziko kumakambani avo. Vatengesi vari muchikwata chechipiri ndivo vanonyatsofungidzira. Chinangwa chavo choga ndechokuita mari kubva kuchinje chemafuta.
Zvinhu Zvitanhatu Zviitiko Vatengesi Vanoshandisa Kuona Mafuta eMafuta
Pane zvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha izvo vatengesi vanotarisa pavanenge vachivandudza mabhizimusi anovaka mafuta eiri.
Chokutanga chiripo chiripo zvinoenderana nezvakabuda. Kubvira muna 1973, OPEC ine zvishoma zvishoma zvemazana makumi matanhatu kubva kuzana emazana emafuta ekutengeswa kwenyika. Asi US shale oil production yakapetwa kaviri kubva muna 2011 kusvika muna 2014. Izvozvo zvakaumba mafuta glut. Vatengesi vanobhadhara mutengo pasi kusvika pa $ 45 pamubhairi muna 2014. Mitengo yakawa zvakare munaDisemba 2015 kusvika $ 36.87 mubharani.
OPEC yaiwanzochera kugovera kuchengetedza mafuta pazvinenge zvichitsvakwa ne $ 70 nemurangi. Panguva ino, yakabvumira mitengo kuwira sezvo ichingadai isingarasikirwi nemari kusvika mafuta ari $ 20 bhari.
Shale varairi vanoda $ 40- $ 50 mubhadharo kuti vabhadhara zvikwereti zvakanyanya zvezvibereko zvavakashandisa pakubhadhara mari. OPEC kutarisa kuti vashandi vemafuta vanozobuda kunze kwebhizimisi. Izvi zvinogona kuibvumira kuti ichengetedze chikamu chayo chikuru chemusika. Izvozvo zvakatanga kuitika muna 2016. Mafuta ekutarisirwa kwemafuta akaratidza kusagadzikana kwakadaro mumatengo nekuda kwekuchinja kwehupfumi hwemafuta, kukosha kwema dollar, maitiro aOOPEC, uye zvinoda zvepasi rose.
Chechipiri ndedzero yekushandiswa kwemashure. Izvozvo zvinoenderana nemafuta emafuta . Inosanganisira izvo zviripo mukunatswa kweUnited States uyewo muStategic Petroleum Reserves . Izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa nyore nyore kuwedzera mafuta ekugoverwa kana mutengo uchikwirira. Saudi Arabia inogonawo kuisa munharaunda yayo yakawanda.
Chechitatu mafuta anoda , kunyanya kubva kuUnited States. Iyi inofanirwa inopiwa mwedzi wega rega neInternational Information Agency . Kuda kunomuka munguva yezororo yekufambisa motokari. Kufanotaurira kuda, zvigaro zvekufamba kubva kuAAA zvinoshandiswa kugona kushandiswa kwekushandisa petoro. Munguva yechando, kupembera kwemamiriro okunze kunoshandiswa kugona kushandiswa kwekushisa kwekushandisa mafuta.
Mamiriro eNyika Misikanano Anogunzva Mafuta Maitirwo
Nyika inogona kuitika munyika inogadzira mafuta kunoshamisa kuwedzera kwemafuta emafuta. Ndizvo zvinoreva kuti vatengesi vane hanya nedambudziko iri rinopedza kugovera.
Izvozvo zvakaitika munaJanuary 2012 mushure mekunge vatsva vakawana humwe humwe uchapupu hwokuti Iran yakanga iri pedyo nekuvaka zvombo zvenyukireya simba. IUnited States neEuropean Union yakatanga kutemerwa kwemari. Iran yakatyisidzira kuvhara Dhora reHormuz. IUnited States yakapindura nechivimbiso chokudzorerazve Strait neuto rehondo kana zvichidiwa. Kubvira kwekurohwa kweIsrayeri kwaivewo kunetseka.
Somugumisiro, mutengo wemafuta wakakonzerwa ne $ 95 kusvika ku $ 100 muhuro kubvira munaNovember kusvika munaJanuary. Pakazosvika pakati paFebruary, mafuta akaputsa pamusoro pe $ 100 nemurongo ndokugarapo. Gesi mitengo yakasvika ku $ 3.50 negoroni. Zvakafanotaurwa zvaiva iyo gasi yaizove inenge $ 4 guroni kuburikidza nechiteshi chekutsvaga kwezhizha.
Mhirizhonga yenyika yakakonzerawo mitengo yepamusoro yemafuta mukati megore ra2011. Muna March 2011 , vatengesi vakava nehanya nezvekusagadzikana muLibhiya, Egypt, neTunisia mune zvakazozivikanwa seArab Spring. Mafuta eOiri akasimuka pamusoro pe $ 100 mubhazi pakutanga kweMarch uye akazosvika pakakwirira ye $ 113 mubhadharo muna April.
Kupandukira kweArab Spring kwakapedza kuburikidza nezhizha uye kwakaguma nekuputika kwevatongi mune dzimwe nyika. Pakutanga, vatengesi vemabhizimisi vaive nekutya kuti muArab Spring yaizovhiringidza mafuta. Asi apo izvozvo hazvina kuitika, mutengo wemafuta wakadzokera kune pasi pe $ 100 mubharani pakati peJune.
Mafuta emafuta akawedzerawo $ 10 mubharani munaJuly 2006 apo hondo yeIsrael-Lebanon yakatya kutya kwekutyisidzira kwehondo neIran. Oiri yakasimuka kubva pakatarwa kwayo ye $ 70 neguroni muna May kusvika kune rerekodhi-yakakwirira ye $ 77 mubhare pakupera kwaJuly. Kuongororwa kwenhau yemafuta yemafuta kunotsanangura chinoita kuti mitengo yemafuta isadaro isingazivikanwi.
Migumisiro Yenjodzi Pamitengo yeMafuta
Njodzi dzinokonzerwa nevanhu uye dzinokonzerwa nevanhu dzinogona kukwidza mitengo yemafuta kana iri inoshamisa. Dutu reKitrina rakakonzera mitengo yemafuta kuti iwedzere $ 3 nhare uye gesi mutengo kuti uwane $ 5 negoroni muna 2005. Katrina akabatisa 19 muzana yemafuta ekugadzirwa kwenyika. Yakauya pane zvitsitsinho zveEngururu Rita. Pakati pevaviri ava, 113 kumahombekombe egungwa uye gasi mapurisa akaparadzwa uye 457 mafuta nemafuta emagetsi zvakaparadzwa.
Muna Mbudzi 2011, mafashamo eRwizi rwaMisissippi akaita kuti mitengo yegesi iwedzere kusvika ku $ 3.98 negoroni. Vatengesi vaifunga kuti mafashamo aizopedza mafuta ekugadzirisa zvinhu.
Ukuwo, rumwe rutivi rweExx-Valdez rwakasvibiswa hauna kukonzera mitengo yemafuta kuwedzera. Chimwe chikonzero chakanga chiripo nokuti mutengo wamafuta muna 1989 wakanga uine madhora makumi maviri nemakumi maviri. Imwe yacho yaiva iyo mabhiri 250 000 chete yakateurwa. Kunyange zvazvo izvi zvaiva nemigumisiro yakaipisisa mumhenderekedzo yeAlaska, yakanga isingatyisidzi nyika yose.
Bipidhi yeBP yakashambadza kanopfuura 18 mafuta mafuta kupfuura zvakaitwa neEexxon Valdez . Asi, mafuta nemafesi emitengo hazvina kuputika semugumisiro. Sei? Chimwe chikonzero, kudiwa kwenyika kwaiva pasi nekuda kwekunonoka kupora kubva muna 2008 matambudziko emari uye kutengesa . Chechipiri, kunyange zvazvo makirogiramu makumi mapfumbamwe emamiriyoni emafuta akadirwa, yaive yakareba kwenguva refu. Yakanga isiriwo huru yemafuta ose anoshandiswa neUnited States. Chaizvoizvo, yaingova mafuta emazuva masere mapfumbamwe. IUnited States yakadya mabhiriyoni 6,99 mabhiriyoni muna 2010, maererano neUnited Energy Information Administration. Icho chiduku chiduku chinopfuura mamiriyoni 19 pazuva.