Mafuta Mafuta, Mazana Awo, uye Mukurumbira Wenyika

Mafuta emafuta inofungidzira kuti mafuta akawanda anogona sei kugadziriswa. Iyi tsanangudzo yakareba inonziwo mafuta munzvimbo . Rinosanganisira risingawanikwi kana "asi kuti riwane" nzvimbo. Yakavakirwa pamusana pekuda kwekuwana zviwanikwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dze geological. Iyo inotorawo mhando itsva yemakorikoro ichaita kuti zvigone kushandiswa kwehupfumi kubvisa mafuta.

Usatenda iyo mumwe munhu akati nyika ichapedza mafuta pane imwe zuva.

Panzvimbo pacho, mafuta anodhura zvakadhura kuti ashandise kwenguva refu asati apera.

Rimwe rinotsanangurwa tsanangudzo yakawanikwa mafuta emvura . Pane zvikamu zvitatu. Izvo zvinobva pane zvingangodaro mafuta acho anogona kugadziriswa uchishandisa teknolojia yezvino.

1. Proven Reserves - Kune chinopfuura 90% mukana wekuti mafuta achadzorerwa.
2. Zvingave Zvigadziriswa - Mukana wekuwana mafuta kunze uko wakakura kudarika 50 muzana.
3. Zvinogona Kuwanikwa - Mikana yekuwanazve mafuta inokosha, asi inopfuura 50 muzana.

Ramba uchitarira kuti chikamu chemafuta chinotarisirwa uye chinogona kuwanikwa chinoshandurwa kuchinjwa kuchengetedzwa kuva nguva dzakachengetedzwa munguva. Izvo zviwanikwa zvakachengetwa zvinongova chikamu chiduku chemafuta munzvimbo. Hazvisi izvo zvinyatsogoneka kuti zvigone kuwana mafuta akawanda mune imwe nzvimbo.

Proven Reserves

Kubva pamatatu acho, iyo inowanzoshandiswa inoshandiswa mafuta emvura. Ikoko ndiko kutsvakurudza kwe geological and engineering data kuratidza nenzira yakakodzera kuti inogona kugadziriswa kubva munzvimbo dzinozivikanwa dzimba.

Mafuta chete anoshandiswa mune zvebhizimisi pasi pemamiriro ehupfumi aripo anoverengwa. Ndiko nokuti, kana mitengo yemafuta inomuka kana teknolojia yepamusoro inobhadhara mari shoma, saka mamwe masimi anova akakwanisa.

Kutendeseka kunonzwisisika zvinoreva kuti kunyatsogadzira kana kuongorora kwakakwana kwakaitika. Iko kuongorora kunosanganisira kudonha, kana kuti inofanira kuva yakatarisana uye yakafanana nenzvimbo dzakakonzerwa.

Urefu hwemunda hunotsanangurwa nemiganhu apo mafuta anowirirana ari pedyo negasi kana kuti mvura inogadzirwa.

Mafuta haasi kuonekwa seanopupurirwa kana injini dzisinganzwisisi kana dzichigona kugadziriswa pasi pemamiriro ehupfumi aripo kana kuti dziri munzvimbo dzisina kudzidziswa. Vamwe injini havatauri mafuta akavharidzirwa mumumvuri, mazimbe, kana gilsonite.

Nyika Reserves

Kune zviyero zvinokwana 1.665 mabhiriyoni emafuta munyika yose kubva munaJanuary 2016. Zvakawanda zvekugarisa mamwe makore makumi mashanu kubvira apo nyika inoshandisa mabhiriyoni makumi mana nemashanu pazuva. Nzvimbo dzakachengetwa chete dzinoratidzwa dzinowanikwa munyika yose inoshandiswa. Nokudaro, nhamba iyi inoshanduka zvishoma gore negore, nekuda kwekushandurwa kwemafuta emafuta.

Mvura Yakakura (2017)

Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzakachengeteka dzepasi pose dziri mune zvishomanana geologically zvakasiyana siyana. Ndizvo nokuti nzvimbo dzekuchengetera ndiyo makuva ezvakaitika kare uye zvisikwa zvipenyu zviduku. Zvigaro zvavo zvakagadziriswa pamakungwa emakungwa ekare nemakungwa mazana emamiriyoni mazana matatu kusvika ku400 makore akapfuura. Mabheji emadziro akavhara, achiwedzera kukurira uye kutonhora. Izvozvo zvakashandura makemikemu muawa.

Tiri kushandisa iyi mafuta nekukurumidza kupfuura Zvisikwa zviri kuumba zvitsva zvitsva. Iyi yakawanda inopera, ndicho chikonzero vanhu vachitaura kumafuta semhando isingadzokizve.

Yakawanda yeminda mikuru muzvinyorwa zvinotungidzirwa mafuta zviri kuMiddle East, Venezuela , neRussia . Nyika idzi hadzina kukurudzira kubudisa kuenzanisira kwakarurama. Mutengo wemusika wefossil mafuta unotungamirirwa zvakanyanya nekugadzirwa kwekwanisi uye zvinoda kudarika zvinotengeswa. Izvo simba rinotarisana nekugadziriswa kwezvisarudzo zvakaitwa nenhamba shoma yevasarudzo-muSaudi Arabia, Kuwaiti, Venezuela, neRussia.

Heino nhamba yemigwagwa yezvinyorwa zvemafuta zvinonzwisisika kune dzimwe nyika makumi maviri:

1. Venezuela - 300.9 bhiriyoni.
2. Saudi Arabia - 266.5 bhiriyoni.
3. Canada (inosanganisira mafuta shale ) - 169.7 biliyoni.
4. Iran - 158.4 mabhiriyoni.
5. Iraq - 142.5 biliyoni.
6. Kuwait - 101.5 biliyoni.
7. United Arab Emirates - 97.8 mabhiriyoni.
8. Russia - 80 biliyoni.
9. Libya - 48.4 mabhiriyoni.
10. Nigeria - 37.1 bhiriyoni.
11. United States - 36,5 biliyoni (zvichibva pamabhiriyoni 20.68 muna 2013.)

1. Kazakhstan - 30 mabhiriyoni.
2. China - 25.6 mabhiriyoni (inotsiva Qatar muna 2017.)
3. Qatar - 25.2 bhiriyoni.
4. Brazil - 13,0 biliyoni.
5. Algeria - 12.2 biliyoni.
6. Angola - 8.3 mabhiriyoni.
7. Ecuador - 8.3 mabhiriyoni.
8. M exico - 7.6 mabhiriyoni (kubva pa10.07 muna 2014.)
9. Azerbaijan - 7 bhiriyoni.

Iro runyoro chete harupi rwenhau yose, nekuda kwehukama pakati penyika. Vakawanda vavo vanobereka zvakawanda kupfuura zvavanoshandisa, saka vanotengesa kune avo vanoshandisa zvinopfuura izvo zvinowedzera (vatengesi).

Kuwedzera simba ravo rekutaurirana, vamwe vevatengesi vemafuta vakabatana pamwe chete kuti vatarisire nyika yose uye kuchinja mitengo. Kunyangwe ichi ichi chisina kutenderwa mumutemo munyika dzakawanda, inonyatsotongerwa mumutemo wepasi rose. Vakatengesa vakaita izvi kuitira kuti mutengo wemafuta uwedzere. Sezvo mafuta ichinhu chisingawanzogadziriswa, kana yaenda ava vatengesi havana chinhu chakasara kutengesa. Nokudaro, vanoda kuwana pfuma yakanakisisa inogona kuitika apo inopera. Vanogona kungoita izvi kana vakanyungudzana, pane kukunda.

Ndicho chikonzero Sangano rePetroleum Exporting Countries rakaumbwa muna 1960. Nhengo 12 dzeOOPEC dzinobata makumi mapfumbamwe nezana makumi mapfumbamwe emazana ezvidziviriro zvakavonekwa zvenyika. Vapindi vepamberi vakawanda ndivo United States, European Union , uye China.

US Reserves

IAmerican Energy Information Administration yakashuma mabhiriyoni 35.2 mabhiriyoni emari. Dzimba dzakawanda dziri muTexas, North Dakota, Gulf of Mexico Federal Offshore, Alaska, uye California. Mushure memakore ekurasikirwa, zviwanikwa zveUnited States zviri kukurazve zvakare nekuda kwemazana emafuta epamusoro anoita kuti hutsva hutsva hugadzire. Kurongedza kwakadzama uye hydraulic fracturing kunogona kubvisa mafuta kubva kune shale uye zvimwe "zvakasimba" (zvakaderera zvakanyanya). Texas neNorth Dakota zvakabatanidzwa ne90 muzana yehuwandu hwekuwedzera.

Uyezve, US inotsigira hukuru hwepasi rose hwepetroleum reserve . Inobata mamiriyoni 727 emabhiri. Inoshandiswa kuchengetedza hupfumi hunofamba zvakanaka kana pane dambudziko kana kupererwa. Sezvo risina kuzarurirwa kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, haisi kusanganiswa sechikamu chezvitsigiro zveUnited States.

IUnited States ine 3 trillion mapuranga akabatanidzwa muGreen River shale mafuta kuColorado. Zvinodhura $ 40- $ 80 murongo kuti uwanezve, zvichiita kuti zvisingabatsire kunyange kunyange mafuta ari $ 100 mubharani. Kuwedzerwa kunogona kukonzerawo tafura yemvura uye kukuvadza nzvimbo. Zvisinei, kana teknolojia inoramba ichivandudza uye kutengesa kwemazana, zvingave zvisingakwanisi kubudisa mabhiriyoni 100 mabhii pazuva kwemakore makumi matatu.

Mafuta Sands

Mafuta ejecha rekuchengetedza ari kuCanada, Venezuela, Russia, uye United States. Yakawanda yaro (mabhiriyoni 166 mabhiriyoni) iri muAlberta, Canada. IUnited States inotora mabhiriyoni 1,236 mabhiriyoni kubva munharaunda idzi muna 2014.

Mafuta emafuta ndejecha rakavhenganiswa nehutu hwakawanda hunonzi bitumen. Iyo bitumen inofanira kunge inopisa isati yashandiswa seiri mafuta. Mataundi maviri ejecha anofanira kugoverwa, achishandisa mitoro mitatu yemvura, kuti awane imwe mbiya yamafuta. Iyo nzira inopesana nokuti inoshandisa simba rakawanda nemvura, uye inoshiya ruvara pane zvisikwa zvinogona kuonekwa kubva munzvimbo. Zvisinei, vashandi vanofanirwa kudzorera nzvimbo yacho kumamiriro avo epakutanga mushure memigodhi. (Kubva: Alberta Canada Mafuta Sands; Fuel Chemistry Division)

The Economics of Oil Reserves

Ramba uchifunga kuti hapana munhu anogona kuziva chokwadi kuti mafuta akawanda akavanzwa sei pasi pepasi. Nhamba ipi neipi yaunoona inyanzvi yekuverenga inobva ku geological engineering surveys. Sezvo mitengo yemafuta inokwira, teknolojia inopedza mari, uye kumwe kuongororwa kwaitwa, inova mari inokwanisika kuwana mamwe mafuta kunze. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, chero nzvimbo ipi zvayo yemafuta inoratidzirwa inofambisa. Izvozvo zvinozivikanwa se "reserve growth."

Kuverenga mafuta emafuta ndeyekusayendesa kwesayenzi. Somuenzaniso, kuongororwa kweUnited States kwakachengetedzwa kwekuchengetwa kwemafuta kwakaramba kusina kushanduka, kune mabhiriyoni mabhiriyoni makumi maviri, kubvira muna 1948. Izvo zviri pasinei nehuwandu hwemabhiza mabhiriyoni maviri gore roga roga.

Zvinoshamisika, kana mutengo wamafuta unomuka uye avo vashomanana vanoita zvisarudzo vanogutsikana kuti mafuta muvhu anokoshesa nekukurumidza kudarika imwe ipi zvayo yekutsinhanisa, ane chikurudziro HERE kukura kukwanisa kwekugadzira. Asi, kana vakazogutsikana kuti hutsva hutsva huchakurumidza kudzorera mafuta, ivo vanobva vaine chikonzero chekuwedzera huwandu hwemafuta pachinenge huchiine kukosha, kunyange kana mutengo wamafuta uri kutowa. Mafungiro ekufambira mberi kwekambaniki mune ramangwana angave ane simba guru pamusika wemafuta. (Kubva: Kubvunzurudzwa naGavin Longmuir, mutungamiri weInternet Petroleum Consultants Association, Inc.)