Chikonzero nei National Bank Central iri Kuita Chikwereti chehurumende zvakanyanya
Federal Reserve inobhadhara chikwereti cheUnited States apo inotenga mabhizimusi eUnited States, zvisungo, uye manotsi . Apo Federal Reserve inotenga aya Treasurys, haifaniri kudhinda mari kuti iite saizvozvo. Inopa chikwereti kumabhangi eHederal Reserve ayo anobata Treasurys. Iko zvino inoisa Treasurys pari pari pari peji. Inoita izvi kuburikidza nehofisi paFederal Reserve Bank yeNew York. Munhu wose anobata chikwereti semari, kunyange zvazvo Fed haina kudhinda mari yakaoma mari.
Izvi zvinonzi mavhizimusi akazarurwa . IFed inoshandisa chirongwa ichi kusimudzira uye kuderedza chido chekuda . Inoderedza chikwereti chechibereko apo inotenga Pfuma kubva kumabhanga ayo. Izvo zvinotambisa nyaya zvinokweretwa kumabhenji. Ivo iye zvino vane zvimwe zvirongwa kupfuura zvavanoda kuti vasangane neFed's reserve requirement .
Mabhengi achakweretesa mari iyi yakawanda, inozivikanwa semari inopa zvokudya , kune mamwe mabhangi kuti asangane nezvinodiwa. Nhamba yemari yavanobhadhara ndiyo inodyidzwa mari yakawanda .
Mabhangi achaderedza chiyero ichi kuti abudise zvinhu izvi zvakanyanya.
Mafisi Akaita Mari Inokwereta Chikwereti
Izvi zvinokwereta sei chikwereti? Apo hurumende yeUnited States inotengesa Treasurys, iyo inokwereta kubva kune vose vaHurumende vanotenga. Izvi zvinosanganisira vanhu, masangano, uye hurumende dzenyika. Iko inotenderera chikwereti ichi mumari nekubvisa iyo Treasurys kubva pakuparadzirwa.
Kuderedza kugoverwa kweHaidurys kunoita kuti zvisungo zvakasara zvive zvinokosha.
Iko-yepamusoro-inokosha Treasurys haafaniri kubhadhara zvakanyanya mukufarira kutenga vatengi. Ichi chibereko chinochera chinoderedza chibereko chezvibereko mukwereti yeUnited States. Nharaunda dzekuderera dzakaderera dzinoreva hurumende haifaniri kushandisa mari yakawanda yekubhadhara chikwereti chayo. Ndiyo mari inogona kushandisa kune mamwe mapurogiramu.
Zvakaita sokuti Treasurys yakatengwa neFed yakanga isipo. Asi ivo varipo pane peji reFed. Nenzira chaiyo, Mari yeHaimari inofanira kubhadhara Fed shure kwezuva rimwe. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, Fed yakapa hurumende yehurumende mari yakawanda yekushandisa. Izvo zvinoita kuti mari iwedzere, nokudaro kuripa chikwereti chacho.
Nei Ichi Ichi Chiitiko
Vanhu vazhinji havana kushungurudzika pamusoro peDhe mari yekukwereta chikwereti kusvika muna 2008 recession . Ndiko nokuti kusvika panguva iyo, mahara emakambani akazaruka akanga asina kutengwa kukuru. Pakati paNovember 2010 uye June 2011, Fed yakazvitengera madhora mazana matanhatu emadhora emadhora ekupedzisira. Icho chaive chikamu chekutanga chekuwedzera kwehuwandu , inozivikanwa seQE1 .
Paiva nezvikamu zvina zvepurogiramu yeQE yakaguma kusvika munaOctober 2014. Fed yakazoguma ne $ 4.5 trillion mu Treasurys uye mari yekuchengetedza mari-yakatsigirwa pachiyero.
Musi waJune 14, 2017, Fed yakareva kuti ichaderedza kubata kwayo zvishoma nezvishoma haifaniri kuitengesa.
Kana imwechete iyo inodyidzwa mari yakawanda inosvika pakurongwa kwayo ye2 muzana, Fed inobvumira $ 6 mabhiriyoni eWorldurys kukura pasina kuitora. Mwedzi woga woga waizobvumira zvimwe $ 6 biliyoni kuti zviwedzere. Chinangwa chayo ndechokusiya mari $ 30 mabhiriyoni pamwedzi.
Nhepfenyuro ichaita zvakafanana neyo kubata kwekuchengetwa kwemari , uye chete nekuwedzera kwe $ 4 mabhiriyoni pamwedzi kusvikira inosvika $ 20 bhiriyoni.
Kamwe Fed inotanga kubvisa zvibvumirano zvayo, nguva refu yeruzhinji inowedzera kuwedzera. Ndiyo yokuti pachava nehuwandu hweHaidurys pamusika. Imari yeAmerica yeUnited States inofanira kupa zvikwereti zvepamusoro zvakanyanya paHaidurys iyo yega yekutengeserana kugutsira chero munhu kuti avatengi. Izvo zvichaita kuti chikwereti cheUnited States chinodhura zvakanyanya kuti hurumende idzorere. Iyi nyaya yakakomba ine chikwereti chemadhora madhora makumi maviri. Uyezve, chikwereti-kune-chakakura chibereko chemakwenzi chinopfuura 100 muzana.
Icho chiri mhiri kwezinga rakachengeteka. Inoita kuti vateresi vabvunze kana rudzi rungagona kubhadhara zvikwereti zvaro.
Nei Chechi Yakatengwa Zvikwereti
Chinangwa cheFed chinonyanya kukosha muHE ndechekuti kuchengetedza mari inodyidzana inowanikwa pasi. Mabhanki anotarisa zvose zvenguva pfupi purogiramu yemitengo paanodyidzana nemari. A low prime rate inobatsira makambani kukura nekuita mabasa . Low mortgage rates inobatsira vanhu kutenga mamwe mari inodhura. The Fed yaida QE kudzorerazve mumusika wemba. Kuderera kwekuderera kunowedzerawo kuderedza kudzoka pazvisungo. Izvo zvinotendesa vatengesi kumatokari uye zvimwe zvakakwirira-kubvumira mari. Nokuda kwezvikonzero zvose izvi, kuderera kwemari kunobatsira kukurudzira hupfumi hwehupfumi .
Asi chikamu chezvinangwa zveFed zvingadai zvakaita kubhadhara chikwereti. Hazvambobvumirwi izvozvo, asi zvinonzwisisika. QE yakabatsira kubhadhara kushandiswa kwehurumende nekuwedzera kukura. Mari yeHaimari haina kutora mhindu yemari yekukwezva vatengi. Izvozvo zvingave zvakaderedza urombo. Apo hupfumi hwakanyatsodzoka zvakare, Fed inogona kushandura zvakachengetedza matanho ayo EE. Ichatengesa Treasurys inayo.
The St. Louis Fed Disagrees
MunaFebruary 2013, Federal Reserve Bank yeSt. Louis yakabudisa mushumo wakaramba Fed yakaita mari yezvemari. Yakataura kuti bhandi guru rinongogadzirisa mari yechikwereti chete kana chinangwa chayo chiri kuchengetedza Treasurys mubhadharo racho nokusingaperi. Mune mamwe mazwi, ingadai iri kushandisa simba rayo kugadzira mari kubva mumhepo yakatetepa kuti inotsigire zvachose kushandiswa kwehurumende yehurumende.
Pane kudaro, aimbova Gavhuna weFed Ben Bernanke akanyatsotaura kuti Fed yaizotengesa Treasurys kana QE yapera. Kunyange zvazvo Fed yapera QE munaOctober 2014, haina kutanga kutengesa Treasurys yayo. Kana ikadaro, chido chekufarira chichasimuka. Hurumende yehurumende ichawana kuti mari yekubhadhara kwayo ichava inodhura.