Nyika Inobhadhara Zvikwereti Zvipi?
Chikwereti-ku-GDP chienzanisi chinofanidza chikwereti chakakosha chenyika kune zvakakosha zvemari zvegore. Izvo zvinowanikwa zvinowanikwa nehuwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvemumba .
Ichi chiyero chinhu chakakosha kune varairidzi, vatungamiriri, uye economists. Inovabvumira kuenzana nekukwanisa kwenyika kubhadhara chikwereti chacho. Nhamba yepamusoro inoreva kuti nyika haisi kubhadhara zvakakwana kubhadhara chikwereti chacho. Nhamba yakaderera inoreva kuti pane zvakawanda zvezvemari zvinokonzerwa kuti zviitwe.
Kana nyika yaiva imba, GDP yakafanana nemari inowanikwa. Mabhangi achakupa chikwereti chikuru kana iwe uchiita mari yakawanda. Nenzira imwecheteyo, vatengi vanozofara kutora chikwereti chenyika kana ichibereka zvakawanda. Kana vashandi vekutsvaga vatanga kunetseka pamusoro pekubhadhara, vanozobvunza huwandu hwekuda kwekuda kudzoka nekuda kwehuwandu hwekuda kwekutadza. Izvo zvinowedzera mari yenyika yekwereti. Inogona kukurumidza kuva dambudziko rematokari.
Tipping Point
Chii chinonyanya kupindira? Chidzidzo cheBan World Bank chakawana kuti kana chikwereti-ku-GDP chikafu chinodarika 77 muzana kwenguva yakareba, inononoka kuwedzera kwehupfumi. Zvose zvikamu zvechikwereti pane izvi zvinodhura nyika 1.7 muzana mune hupfumi huri kukura.
Zvinotonyanya kuipa kune misika inotanga kubuda. Ikoko, chimwe nechimwe chikamu chechikwereti chechikwereti chinopfuura 64 muzana chichakurumidza kukura ne 2 muzana gore negore.
Mashandisiro Aungaita Dhidhi-ku-GDP Ratio
Chikwereti-ku-GDP chibvumirano chinobvumira vashandi muhurumende hurumende kuti vaenzanise chikwereti chemarenda pakati penyika.
Semuenzaniso, chikwereti cheGermany chiri $ 2.7 trillion, chidiki cheGreece, iyo inokwana $ 514 mabhiriyoni. Asi GDP yeGermany iine $ 3.8 trillion, yakawanda kupfuura yeGreece $ 281 bhiriyoni. Ndicho chikonzero Germany (iyo nyika huru muUnited States) yaifanira kubhadhara Greece, uye kwete iyo imwe nzira iyo yakapoteredza. Chikwereti-ku-GDP chikwata cheGermany chinonyatsonaka 72 muzana, asi iyo yeGreece ine 182 muzana.
Saka, chikwereti-ku-GDP chidimbu chiyeuchidzo chakanaka che nyika ipi ichasara ? Kwete nguva dzose. Chikwereti cheJapan -kusvika-GDP chikwata chika 228 muzana. Japan haisi pangozi yekusavapo, nokuti chikwereti chikuru cheyo chikwereti chinoitwa nevanhu vayo. Zvikwereti zvakawanda zveGreece zvakabatwa nehurumende dzekunze uye mabhenji. Sezvo mabhandi eGreece akazobhadhara, chikwereti chayo chakanga chakaderedzwa nehurumende dzekuongororwa se Standard & Poor's , izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwereti zvinowedzera. Greece yaifanira kuwana nzira yekuwedzera mari, uye yakashandisa kushandiswa kwemari uye kutengesa mutero kuti zviite saizvozvo. Izvi zvakaramba zvishoma nezvishoma nezvehupfumi hwayo, zvichiwedzera kuderedza mari uye kukwanisa kwayo kubhadhara chikwereti chayo.
Muna 2017, chikwereti cheUnited States-to-GDP chikawanda chaiva 104 muzana . Ndiyo $ 20.493 trillion mune chikwereti (December 29, 2017) yakagoverwa $ 19,739 trillion kwechina chechina GDP. Asi hazvisi izvo zvinotambudza nyika iyo inogona kubhadhara chikwereti mumari yayo. IUnited States inogona kungodhinda mamwe madhora kubhadhara chikwereti. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, njodzi yekudarika ndeyepasi. Kune rumwe rutivi, vane chikwereti vane zvikwereti nemari iyo inokosha zvishoma. Izvi zvichazoita kuti vadzivise chikwereti cheU.S.
Sezvo nyika yechikwereti-ku-GDP chikwiriro ichikwira, inowanzoratidza kuti kutengesa kwenyika kuri kuitika. Izvozvo ndezvekuti GDP yenyika inoderera mukuderera.
Iyo inokonzera mitero, uye federal yemari , kutambira panguva chaiyo iyo hurumende inoshandisa zvakawanda kukurudzira hupfumi hwayo. Kana kukonzerwa kushandiswa kwemari kuchibudirira, kuwedzera kwemari kuchasimudza, mitero (uye federal revenue) ichasimuka, uye chikwereti-ku-GDP chikwata chinofanira kumira.
Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chekutengesa kwevatengesi muhurumende ye solvency ndiyo chibereko pane chikwereti chacho . Kana zvibereko zviri pasi, zvinoreva kuti pane zvakawanda zvinoda kubhadhara chikwereti chacho. Hazvikwanisi kubhadhara sepamusoro kudzoka. IUnited States yave iine ruzivo munyaya iyi. Munguva yeKutora Kubva, vatengesi vakatizira kuAmerica chikwereti. Inofungidzirwa kuti ultra-yakachengeteka.
Sezvo hupfumi hwenyika yose huri kuramba huchivandudza, vatengesi vachave vakasununguka nehuwandu hwehutano nokuti vanoda kudzoka kwakakwirira. Kuzvipira kune chikwereti cheUnited States kuchasimudzirwa soodemand kuwa. Kana zvibereko zvakakwirira, tarisa kunze.
Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti vatengesi havadi chikwereti. Nyika inofanira kubhadhara ruzivo rwakawanda rwekuita kuti vatenge mabhandi ayo.
Izvo zvinoita kuti kuderera kuwedzere. Nhamba yepamusoro yemari inoita kuti iwedzere kudhura kuti nyika inokwereta. Izvi zvinowedzera kushandiswa kwemari, izvo zvinoita kuti pave nehuwandu hwemari , izvo zvinoita kuti zviwedzere chikwereti. Muenzaniso wakanaka ndiyo dambudziko reGrisi rechikwereti .
Ndicho chikonzero chikwereti-ku-GDP chiyero, nekuda kwezvikanganiso zvayo zvose, zvichiri kushandiswa zvikuru. Ndiwo mutemo wakanaka wechigunwe chinoratidza kuti simba rezvemari yenyika nderei, uye zvingave zvakadini kushandisa kutenda kwakanaka kubhadhara chikwereti chacho.
Nzira yekuverenga sei Chikwereti-ku-GDP Ratio
Kuti uone chikwereti-ku-GDP chikwata, iwe unofanirwa kuziva zvinhu zviviri: chikwereti chenyika yepasi uye hupfumi hwezve nyika. Izvi zvinoratidzika zvakajeka kusvikira iwe wakaziva kuti chikwereti icho chinoyera nenzira mbiri. Vakawanda vanotsvakurudza vanotarisa chikwereti chose. Vamwe, kufanana neCIA World Factbook, inongotarisa chikwereti chevanhu .
Izvozvo zvishoma zvinotsausa. MuUnited States, chikwereti chose chinonyanya kuwanikwa nevanhu. Heino chikonzero. Mari yeUnited States ine mapoka maviri. Chikwereti chinowanikwa nehuruzhinji chinowanikwa neUnited States Treasury kana US Savings Bonds rine varimi vese , makambani, uye hurumende dzenyika. Chikwereti chevanhu vose chinowanikwawo nemari yepensheni , mutual funds , uye hurumende dzenharaunda.
Chimwe chikamu chiri Intragovernmental Holdings. Ichi ndicho chikwata chisingatauri neCIA World Factbook nokuti iri chikwereti hurumende yehurumende inokwereta kune iyo pachayo, kwete kune vamwe kunze kwevateresi. ICIA inofanidza kana hurumende isingadzokeri, saka chii? Inongova nzira yekuverenga pakati pezvematongerwo maviri.
Asi zvine basa zvakanyanya. Mari iyo hurumende yehurumende "inokwereta" inowanikwa chikwereti zvikuru kuSocial Security Trust Fund uye mari yehurumende yemari yekubhadhara mari. Kutenda kuChizvarwa cheMwana Boomer, masangano aya anotora mari yakawanda kubva pamitero yemitero kupfuura yavanofanira kubhadhara muzvikwereti iye zvino. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti vane mari yakawandisa, iyo yavanoshandisa kutenga Treasurys. Hurumende inongotora mari iyi yakawanda kune dzimwe hurumende dzehurumende .
Apo Boomers vanosiya basa, Social Security ichaita mari muChivigiro chayo cheMari kuitira kubhadhara mari. Asi mari yekubhadhara chikwereti ichi inofanira kubva pane imwe nzvimbo. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti Treasury ichafanira kubhadhara chikwereti chikuru kana Congress inofanira kusimudza mitero.
Saka, iwe unofanirwa kutarisa chikwereti chose, kwete kungoita chikwereti kuchikoro. Izvi ndizvo zvinoreva kuti chikwereti chenyika yose inowanikwa chikwereti kuvanhu vose. Ndokusaka Intragovernmental Holdings inofanira kuverengwa muUnited States-to-GDP ratio.