Kunzwisisa Dambudziko rechikwereti rechiGiriki mumaminitsi mashanu
Kubvira muna 2008, vatungamiri venyika dzeEuro vakatamburira kubvumirana pamusoro pekugadzirisa. Munguva iyoyo, hupfumi hwechiGiriki hunokonzera 25 muzana kuburikidza nekushandisa kudhura uye kuwedzerwa kwemitero kunotarisirwa nevatengi. Chikwereti cheGreece -kusvika-GDP chikwata chakakura kusvika 179 muzana.
Kusabvumirana iyi nyaya yekuti nyika dzinorasikirwa nei.
Greece inoda kuti EU iregerere zvimwe chikwereti. Kubvira munaFebruary 2015, zviremera zvakasiyana-siyana zveEurope uye vatengesi vepamusoro vakazvipira chikwereti cheGrisi $ 294.7 mabhiriyoni. Greece yakangobhadhara 41.6 mabhiriyoni ema euro.
EU inokanganwira chikwereti kana Greece inotora zvikwereti zvishoma . Izvi zvigadziridzo zvichasimbisa hurumende uye zvivako zvemari. Germany nevabhengi varo vakatungamirira nzira iyi sezvo yakabhadhara zvikuru.
Dambudziko racho rakakonzera dambudziko rekukwereta kwe eurozone uye kwakaita kuti vanhu vatye dambudziko rezvemari munyika yose. Yakakanda mubvunzo mubvunzo wekukwanisa kweEurozone pachayo. Yakanyevera pamusoro pezvingaitika kune dzimwe nhengo dzeUnited States dzakawanda. Zvose izvi kubva kunyika ine uwandu hwehupfumi huri hukuru kudarika nyika yeUnited States.
Greece Crisis Inotsanangurwa
Muna 2009 , Girisi yakaratidza kukanganisa kwebhajheti yaizova 12,9 muzana yehupfumi hwayo hwemhuri . Izvo zvinodarika katatu EU inopera 3 muzana.
Nhamba yevhoteri Fitch, Moody's uye Standard & Poor yakaderedza Girisi yechikwereti chikwereti. Izvo zvaityisa varimi. Izvo zvakaitawo kuti iwedzere mari yezvikwereti zvinotevera. Greece haina kuwana mukana wekuwana mari yekuripa chikwereti chacho.
Muna 2010 , Girisi yakaronga hurongwa hwekuderedza kukwana kwayo kusvika ku3 muzana yeGDP mumakore maviri.
Greece yakaedza kuvimbisa hurumende yeUnited States iyo inokweretesa yaive yekutakura mari. Mwedzi mina chete gare gare, Girisi panzvimbo payo yakanyevera ingangodaro.
IU EU uye International International Monetary Fund yakapa 240 mabhiriyoni emadhora mumari inoshamisika mukudzoka kwehutano hwakanaka. IU EU yakanga isina chaasarudzo kunze kwekumira shure kwechikamu chayo kuburikidza nekubhadhara mari yekubhadhara. Kana zvisina kudaro, inogona kutarisana nemigumisiro yeGreece kana kusiya mari yeEurozone kana kusakanganisika.
Kurongeka kwezviyero zvinoda kuGreece kuwedzera mutero weVAT uye yekambani yemutero . Iko inofanira kuvhara mitero yemitero uye kuderedza kupukunyuka. Inofanira kuderedza zvigaro zvekurega basa. Inofanira kusimudzira vashandi vemipiro kune iyo penheji system. Kushandurwa kwakakosha ndiko kushandiswa kwemabhizimisi mazhinji echiGiriki, kusanganisira magetsi ekuparadzira. Izvozvo zvinoderedza simba remasangano emasangano evanhu uye masangano ehurumende.
Vatungamiri venyika yeUnited States uye masangano ehutano hwehutano vaida kuita kuti Girisi isashandise chikwereti chitsva chokubhadhara chekare. Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Portugal, Ireland, neSpain yakanga yatoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kusimbisa hupfumi hwavo. Sezvo vaibhadhara bhailouts, vaida Girisi kutevera mienzaniso yavo. Dzimwe nyika dzeEuro dzakadai seSlovakia neLithuania dzakaramba kubvunza vateresi vavo kuti vape muhomwe dzavo kuitira kuti Girisi irege kubvisa.
Nyika idzi dzakanga dzichangobva kutsungirira matanho avo pachavo kuitira kuti vasapedzisira vasina kubatsirwa kubva kuEU.
Mari yechikwereti ichipa Girisi zvakakwana mari yekubhadhara chikwereti pane chikwereti chaivepo uye kuchengetedza mabhangi kusungwa. Icho chiito chinotarisa zvinowedzera zvakaderedza hupfumi hwechiGiriki. Izvozvo zvakaderedza mitero yemitero inoda kudzorera chikwereti. Ushaiwe hwakasimuka kusvika pa25 muzana uye mhirizhonga yakabuda mumigwagwa. Iyo yezvematongerwo enyika yakanga iri mumhirizhonga sezvo vhoti yakashandurwa kune ani wakavimbisa nzira isina kunaka.
Muna 2011 , European Financial Stability Facility yakawedzera mabhiriyoni mabhiriyoni makumi maviri emabhiriyoni. Pasinei nezita rekushandurwa, mari yacho yakabvawo kuEuro nyika.
Pakazosvika gore ra2012 , chikwereti cheGreece-kusvika-GDP chikwata chakanga chakwira kusvika ku 175 muzana, inenge katatu muganhu weUnited States we 60%. Vashandi vehurumende vakazobvumirana nekuveura bvudzi, vachitengesa $ 77 biliyoni muzvisungo zvechikwereti chinokwana 75 muzana pasi.
Musi waJune 27, 2015 , Prime Minister weGreece Alexis Tsipris akazivisa kuburitswa kwehutano hwakanaka. Akavimbisa kuti vhoti "kwete" yaizopa Girisi mamwe mazano ekutaurirana ne30 muzana rekuregeresa chikwereti neEU. Musi waJune 30, 2015, Girisi yakashaya yakagadzirirwa 1.55 mabhiriyoni emari kubhadhara. Nhengo dzose mbiri dzaidana kuti kunonoka, kwete kuregererwa kwepamutemo. Mazuva maviri gare gare, IMF yakanyevera kuti Girisi yaida 60 mabhiriyoni ema euro mubatsiro idzva. Yakaudza vechikwereti kuti vatorezve kunyora-pasi pane zvinodarika 300 mabhiriyoni ema Euro Greece yakavakwereta.
Musi waJuly 6, vatoti veGreek vakati "kwete" muhurukuro. Kusagadzikana kwakagadzira kumhanya pamahombekombe. Greece yakaramba ichinge yakashata mumari mukati memavhiki maviri akapoteredza voti. Mabhandi akavhara uye akadzivirira kubviswa kweATM kusvika 60 euro pazuva. Yakatyisidzira mhizha yekutarisa panguva yakakura yegore, uye vatasvi vemamiriyoni 14 vanoshanyira nyika. IEuropean Central Bank yakabvuma kudzorera mabhenji echiGreeki ne10 euro kusvika mabhiriyoni 25 euro, zvichiita kuti vadzoke zvakare.
Mabhangi akaisa mamiriyoni 420 emavhiki kwevhiki pamusana pekutora. Izvo zvakadzivirira kuchengetedza kwekudzivirira kubva pakudzura zvinyorwa zvavo uye kuwedzera dambudziko racho. Yakabatsirawo kuderedza kubuda kwemitero. Vanhu vakatendeukira kumadhenari uye makadhi emakadhi ekutenga. Somugumisiro, hurumende yemari inowedzera ne 1 bhiriyoni ema euro pagore. (Zvinyorwa: BBC, New York Times, WSJ, Financial Times)
Musi waJuly 15, paramende yeGreece yakapfuurira matanho ehutsika pasinei nekutaura. Kana zvisina kudaro, haingagamuchiri mamiriyoni 86 emamiriyoni chikwereti kubva kuEU. IECB yakabvumirana ne IMF kuti inofanira kuderedza chikwereti cheGreece. Izvozvo zvaireva kuti vaizowedzera mazwi, nokudaro kuderedza huwandu hwezvino huno. Greece yaizoramba iine chikwereti chakafanana, inogona kungoribhadhara kwenguva yakareba.
Musi waJuly 20, Girisi yakabhadhara chikwereti kune ECB, zvichienderana nemari inokwana mabhiriyoni manomwe emari kubva kuUnited States fund. IUnited Kingdom yakakumbira kuti dzimwe nhengo dzeEU dzitsigire mupiro waro kubasa rekubhadhara.
Musi waSeptember 20, Tsipras pamwe neSyriza party vakakunda sarudzo inopera. Izvo zvakavapa mvumo yekuenderera mberi nekudzvinyirira kubhadhara chikwereti mukukurukurirana ne EU. Asi ivo vaifanirawo kupfuurira nekuvandudzwa kusingafarirwi kwakavimbiswa EU.
MunaNovember, mabhangi mana makuru eGirisi akazvimirira pachedu 14.4 euro mabhiriyoni sezvaidiwa neEECB. Mari yacho yakavhara zvikwereti zvakanyanya uye yakadzorera mabhangi kuti zvive zvakakwana. Inenge hafu yemabhengi emabhengi aiva pamabhuku avo akanga ari pangozi yekusafa. Vashandi vebhangi vakapa chiyero ichi mukutsinhanisa nemadhora mabhiriyoni 86 emari yekubhadhara mari.
Muna March 2016, Bhizinesi reGreece rakafanotaura kuti hupfumi hwaizodzokera pakukura kwezhizha. Iyo inongodarika 0.2 muzana muna 2015. Asi mabanki echiGiriki akanga achiri kurasa mari. Vakanga vasingadi kutumira chikwereti chakashata, vachifunga kuti vavakwereta vavo vaizobhadhara kamwechete apo hupfumi huri nani. Izvozvo zvakasunga mari vangadai vakazvipira kune zvitsva.
Musi waJune 17, EU yeEurope Stability Mechanism yakabudisa 7.5 mabhiriyoni ema euro kuGreece. Yakaronga kushandisa mari yekubhadhara chikwereti pane chikwereti chayo. Greece yakaenderera mberi nehutano hwakanaka. Yakapedza mitemo yekuvandudza mitemo yepenheni uye yekutora mitero. Ichasvitsa mamwe makambani, uye kutengesa zvikwereti zvisingashandisi.
MunaMay 2017 , Tsipras akabvumirana kutema pensions uye kuwedzera ruzivo rwemitero. Mukudzoka, EU yakamutengesa mamwe 86 mabhiriyoni ema euro. Izvozvo zvakabvumira Girisi kubhadhara chikwereti chaivepo. Tsipras aitarisira kuti izwi rake rekuyananisa raizomubatsira kuderedza mabhiriyoni 293.2 emari mune chikwereti chakakosha. Asi hurumende yeGermany haigoni kubvumirana zvikuru pamberi peSvondo musarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika.
Muna July, Girisi yakakwanisa kubvisa zvisungozve. Inoronga kuparadzanisa zvinyorwa zvakabudiswa mukugadziriswa nemashoko matsva sekutama kuti vadzorezve vatengesi vanovimba.
Musi waJanuary 15, 2018, paramende yechiGiriki yakabvumirana nezvitsva zvitsva. Inofanirwa kuve yakakosha kusvika kumativi ose ekubhadhorera kwebhailout. Musi waJanuary 22, vashandi vemari ve eurozone vanotarisirwa kugamuchira mabhiriyoni 6 kusvika ku7 mabhiriyoni ema euro. Matanho matsva anoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuti hurumende dzisarudze. Nyika yacho inowanzooma mitezo nekurova. Inobatsira mabhangi kuderedza chikwereti chakashata, kuzarura magetsi uye emisika yemishonga, nekudzokororazve kubatsirwa kwevana.
Iyi hurongwa hwekudzivirira hurumende inopedzisira kuguma munaAugust, 2018. Kuwedzera kwehurumende yeGreece kwakawira makumi maviri kubva muzana kubva kune 25 kubva muzana muna 2013. Upfumi hwayo hwakawedzera 2,5 kubva muzana, zvichienzanisa nekuputika kwe10 muzana muna 2011. Inotarisira kubhadhara zvishoma 75 muzana yechikwereti chayo muna 2060. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, veEuropean creditors vachatarisira kuchengetedza maitiro austerity.
Zvinokonzera zveGreece Dambudziko
Girisi neEU zvakapinda sei mumasanganisi aya pakutanga? Mbeu idzi dzakadyarwa shure muna 2001 apo Greece yakagamuchira euro semari yayo. Greece yakanga iri nhengo yeEU kubva muna 1981 asi yakange isingakwanisi kupinda eurozone. Kurasika kwaro kwemari kwakange kwave kwakakwirira zvikuru kune Maastricht Criteria ye eurozone.
Zvose zvakafamba zvakanaka kwemakore mashoma emakore. Kufanana nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope, Greece yakabatsirwa nesimba re euro. Yakaderedza chido chezvibereko uye yakaunza mari yekutsvaga mari uye zvikwereti.
Muna 2004, Greece yakaratidza kuti yakanga yanyepa kuti inopoteredza Maastricht Criteria. EU haina kutongesa zvikwereti. Kuregererei? Paiva nezvikonzero zvitatu.
France neGermany vaishandawo kupfuura chikamu panguva iyoyo. Vangave vanyengeri kuti varatidze Girisi kusvikira vaisa maitiro avo pachavo matanho kutanga.
Ikoko kwakanga kusina chokwadi pamusoro pezvipi izvo zvingatongerwa. Vaigona kudzinga Girisi, asi izvozvo zvaizovhiringidza uye kuderedza euro.
EU yakada kusimudzira simba re euro mumisika yemari yenyika dzakawanda. A euro yakasimba yaizoita kuti dzimwe nyika dzeEU dzive, sezvakaita UK, Denmark, neSweden, kutora euro. (Zvinyorwa: "Girisi Inonyengera," Bloomberg, Chivabvu 26, 2011. "Greece inobatana neEurozone," BBC, yaJanuary 1, 2001. "Girisi Kubatana Euro," June 1, 2000.)
Somugumisiro, chikwereti chechiGiriki chakaramba chichikwira kusvikira dambudziko racho ratanga muna 2009.
Chii Chinoitika Kana Girisi Ichitsvaga Eurozone
Pasina chibvumirano, Girisi yaizosiya euro uye kudzorera idrakema. Izvozvo zvinogona kupedza maitiro avanovengwa zvishoma. Hurumende yeGreece inogona kubhadhara vashandi vatsva, kuderedza 25 muzana yehuwandu hwemabasa uye kuwedzera kukura kwehupfumi. Yaizoshandura chikwereti chayo che euro-sedchmas, kudhinda mamwe mari uye kuderedza euro yaro kuchinja . Izvozvo zvingaderedza chikwereti chayo, kuderedza mari yezvokutengeserana uye kukwevera vatashanyi kune imwe nzvimbo inodhura yekuenda kunzvimbo.
Pakutanga, izvozvo zvingaratidzika zvakanaka kuneGreece. Asi vatorwa vedzimwe nyika yechikwereti chechiGiriki vaizopererwa nekutaputsika kwekurasikirwa sezvo dhachma yakadzika. Izvozvo zvingaderedza kukosha kwekubhadhara mumari yavo pachavo. Dzimwe mabhengi aizotadza kubhadhara. Zvizhinji zvechikwereti ndeye hurumende dzeEurope, avo vanokwereta vanotsika musayiri.
Kudzvora dhamma maitiro kunogona kukonzera hyperinflation , sekudhura kwekutengeswa kwenyika. Girisi inopinza 40 muzana yezvokudya zvayo nemishonga uye 80 muzana emasimba ayo. Makambani akawanda akaramba kutumira zvinhu izvi kune imwe nyika isingakwanisi kubhadhara zvikwereti. Nyika yakange isingakwanisi kutora zvitsva zvekune dzimwe nyika zvakasununguka mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. Izvo chete nyika dzakaratidza kuti dzaizokweretesa kuGreece iRussia neChina. Mukufamba kwenguva, Girisi yaizozvitsvakira kudzokera kune iyo ikozvino: yakamanikidzwa nechikwereti haikwanisi kubhadhara.
Nharaunda inowanikwa pane dzimwe nyika inokweretwa inogona kusimuka. Kuenzanisa vehurumende vaizozvidya mwoyo vaizosiya euro zvakare. Kukosha kwero euro pachayo kunogona kuderedza sevatengesi vemari vanoshandisa dambudziko sechikonzero chekutengesa.
Chii Chinoitika Kana Greece Ichitadza
Izvo zvakapararira zvechiGiriki zvisiri izvo zvingava nezvakawedzerwa pakarepo. Kutanga, mabanki echiGiriki aizoenda asina kukwereta kubva kuEuropean Central Bank . Kurasikirwa kunogona kutyisidzira solvency yemamwe mabhanga eEurope, kunyanya muGermany neFrance. Ivo, pamwe chete nevamwe vashandi vemari, vanobata 34.1 mabhiriyoni ema euro muchikwereti chechiGiriki.
Hurumende dzeEurozone dzine mabhiriyoni 52,9 emamiriyoni. Izvo zviri kuwedzera kune mabhiriyoni 131 emamiriyoni akawanikwa neEFSF, kunyanya hurumende dzeEurozone. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neGermany, hazvizogadziriswi nebhailout. Kunyange zvazvo Germany ine chikwereti chakanyanya, inongova duku muzana yeGDP yayo. Zvizhinji zvechikwereti hazviuye nekuda kwegore ra2020 kana gare gare. Nyika duku dzinotarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Chikamu cheFinland chechikwereti chikamu chegumi chebhajheji yegore negore. (Chinobva: "Finland Inotarisa Chii Chichigadziriswa neGreece," Breitbart, July 7, 2015.)
IECB inobata 26.9 mabhiriyoni ema euro echikwereti chechiGiriki. Kana Greece ichikanganisika, haisi kuzoisa remangwana reECB pangozi. Izvozvo ndezvokuti hazviiti kuti dzimwe nyika dzinokwereta dzingasarudza kusakosha.
Nokuda kwezvikonzero izvi, chiGiriki chisingazove chakanyanya kuipa kudarika chakaitika muna 1998 LTCM . Ndizvo apo Russia yakashata yakatungamirira kune mararamiro ezvakaipa kune dzimwe nyika dzinotengesa mabhizimusi . IMF yakadzivisa vazhinji kutadza kuburikidza nekupa mari kusvikira hupfumi hwavo hwavandudzwa. IMF inokwana 21.1 mabhiriyoni ema euro echikwereti chechiGiriki, kwete kukwana kuipedza. (Inobva: "IMF Inofamba Pamusoro peBailout Inotaura neGreece," Wall Street Journal, June 12, 2015.)
Kusiyana kwaizova kuwanda kwezvakaipa uye kuti zviri mumisika yakagadzirwa. Icho chinogona kukanganisa kunobva mazhinji emari yeMMF. IUnited States yaisazokwanisa kubatsira. Kunyange zvazvo mutsigiri mukuru we IMF mari yekubhadhara, ikozvino yava kunetseka. Pachava pasina chido chezvematongerwo enyika chekuAmerica kubhadhara chikwereti cheEuropean.
Chikonzero nei EU inonzi Maitiro Austerity
Nguva yakareba, zviyero zvingagadzirisa kuGreece kuenzanisa kunobatsira mumusika wepasi pose. Izvo zviyero zvinoda kuti Girisi ivandudze kuti yakachengetedza sei mari yayo yevanhu. Yakafanira kuongorora zvinyorwa zvayo zvemari uye kuburitsa. Yakaderedza matanho ekutengeserana, kuwedzera kutengeswa kwezvinhu.
Chinonyanya kukosha, chaida kuti Girisi ichinje mararamiro ayo emari. Pamberi payo, yakatora 17.5 muzana yeGDP, yakakwirira kudarika mune imwe imwe nyika yeEU. Pensheni yehurumende ye9 muzana inobhadhara mari, inofananidzwa ne3 muzana kune mamwe marudzi. Kurongeka kwezviyero zvinoda kuGreece kuderedza pensions ne 1 muzana yeGDP. Izvo zvaidawo mari yepamusoro yepenhesi nevashandi uye yakaderedza kusarurwa kwepakutanga.
Hafu yemhuri dzechiGiriki dzinovimba nemari yepensheni, uye mumwe wevaGiriki mashanu ari 65 kana kupfuura. Urombo hwehutano huri pa50 muzana. Vashandi havafariri nezvekubhadhara zvipo kuitira kuti vakwegura vagone kugamuchira pensions yakakwirira. (Chinyorwa: "Zvisingagoneki Futures: The Greek Pensions Dilemma Inotsanangurwa," Guardian, June 15, 2015.)