The Two Types of Exchange Rates
Flexible Exchange Rates
Yakawanda yekushandura mitengo inotarirwa nemusika wemari wokutsinhana , kana forex. Izvozvo zvinonzi kushandura kushandiswa kwehuwandu. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, kuchinjana kwehuwandu hunochinja pane imwe nguva-ne-nguva.
Izvo zvinoshandiswa zvinotarisa zvinotevera izvo vatengesi vekupedzisira vanofunga kuti mari yakakodzera. Izvozvo kutongwa zvinoenderana nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda. Izvi zvitatu zvinonyanya kukosha ndezvokuda kwebhangi, kubhadhara chikwereti uye simba rehupfumi hwayo.
IUnited States inobvumira mushamba wayo forex kuti ione mari yeAmerica inokosha . Dhora reUnited States rakasimbiswa kurwisana nemari yakawanda munguva yematambudziko emari muna 2008 . Apo mabhizimisi ematengesi akawira pasi pose, vatengesi vakaungana vachienda kune kuchengeteka kwakakwana kwedhora. Asi, nei nei dollar yakachengeteka? Pashure pezvose, dambudziko rakatanga muUnited States. Heino zvimwe zvekuti nei dhora iri rakasimba iye zvino .
Pasinei neizvi, vashandi vakawanda vanovimba kuti US Treasury ichaita kuti kuchengetedzwa kwemari yenyika yose ive nekuchengeteka.
Dhora racho rakatora basa iroro apo rakatsiva chiyero chegoridhe mukati memvumo yeBretton Woods muna 1944. Heino zvakawanda pamusoro pezvikonzero zvinokonzera simba re US dollar .
Fixed Exchange Rates
A fixed fixed exchange rate kana nyika yenyika isati yakasiyana maererano nekambani yepamusoro. Nyika inova nechokwadi chokuti kukosha kwayo kudarika dollar, kana zvimwewo mari inokosha, inoramba yakangofanana.
Inotenga uye inotengesa mari yakawanda yemari yayo, uye imwe mari, kuchengetedza icho chakakosha.
Semuenzaniso, China inoramba yakagadziriswa. Iyo inosungiridza mari yayo (yuan), kune chinangwa chakatarisana nechenda. Kubva munaJune 19, 2017, imwe dollar yakakosha 6.806 Chinese yuan . Kubva paFebruary 7, 2003, dhora reUnited States rakapesana ne yuan. Rimwe dhora reUnited States raigona kuchinjana 8.28 yuan panguva iyoyo. Dhora reUnited States rakapera simba nokuti rinogona kutenga mashoma yuan nhasi, kupfuura zvingagona muna 2003.
Ndizvo nokuti hurumende yeUnited States yakamanikidza hurumende yeChina kuti irege yuan kusimuka kukosha. Izvi zvinobvumira United States kutengeserana kuti kuve nekukwikwidzana kwekutengesa kuChina. Izvo zvinoitawo chiChinese kutengesa kuUnited States, inodhura. Nokuda kwekuti izvi zvinokubata sei, ona US China Trade Deficit .
Musi waAugust 11, 2015, China yakashandura mutemo wayo kubvumira yuan kuchinjwa. China inoda kuderedza kuvimba kwayo kudhora. Inodawo kuti yuan ive yakawanda inoshandiswa. Kuti uwane mamwe mashoko, ona Yuan kuDollar Conversion .
Chikonzero nei Euro inokosha zvakadaro
Yakawanda yekushandurwa kwemari inopiwa maererano nemari yakawanda yei dollar inokosha mune mari yekunze. Yuro yakasiyana. Inopiwa maererano nehuwandu hwe euro inokosha mumadhora.
Hazvina kumbopiwa kune imwe nzira iyo yakapoteredza. Saka, kunyange imwe dollar yeUnited States yaikwana 0.89 euro paJune 26, 2016, iwe unongonzwa chete iyo euro inokosha $ 1.11. Nenzira iyo yakafanana neBritish pound.
Yuro yakaderera zvikuru kubva musi waApril 22, 2008. Panguva iyo euro yaiva panguva yayo yose yakakwirira ye $ 1.60. Izvi ndezvokuti ramangwana reEuropean Union uye euro pachayo rakanga risina chokwadi pashure pokunge United Kingdom yakasarudza kubva kuEuropean Union. Uyezve, European Central Bank yakanga iri kuderedza chido chayo chekuda . Izvi zvakaderedzwa mabhengi emunhu chero ipi zvayo achikweretesa kana kuchengetedza muma euro. Izvozvo zvakaderedza kukosha kweko mari pachayo.
IECB yakashambadzira yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekugadzirisa hurumende munaMarch 2015. Izvozvo zvakaderedza kukosha kwe euro kusvika $ 1.10. Euro yakadererawo panguva yechikwereti chechikwereti chechiGiriki .
Kuti uwane mamwe ruzivo pamusoro pehuwandu hwekushandurwa kwemari pakati peudhora ne euro, ona Euro kusvika kuDollar Conversion . (Kubva: Federal Reserve Bank yeNew York web site)
Kunyange zvakadaro, euro inokosha. Ndiyo yechipiri mari inonyanya kuzivikanwa mushure meodhora. Vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 332 vanoshandisa iyo semari yavo chete. Kuzivikanwa kweEuro kunobva kune simba reEuropean Union. Ndiyo imwe yezvinhu zvitatu zvakanyanya kupfuma munyika . Kunyange zvazvo euro isati yave yakagamuchirwa nenyika dzose dzeUnited States, hapana imwe mari inoswedera pedyo kuva mari yepasi rose .