Maitiro eBretton Woods Akabudiswa Sei Nyika Itsva?
Bretton Woods yakasimbisa America semasimba makuru anotungamirira masangano maviri aya uye nezvehupfumi hwepasi rose.
Ndiyo nokuti yakatsiva chiyero chegoridhe nebhadha reAmerica. Mushure mokunge chibvumirano chacho chisayinwa, America ndiyo nyika bedzi ine simba rokudhinda madhora .
Chisungo cheBretton Woods
Chibvumirano cheBretton Woods chakasikwa mumusangano we1944 weHondo Yenyika II Yenyika Dzakabatana. Izvo zvakaitika muBretton Woods, New Hampshire. Pasi pechibvumirano, nyika dzakapikira kuti mabhizimisi avo makuru aizoramba achigadzirisa shanduko yemari pakati pemari yavo nedhora. Vaizoita sei izvozvi? Kana huwandu hwemari yenyika hukava husina simba zvakakwana nedhora, bhagheni raizotenga mari yayo mune dzimwe nyika . Izvozvo zvingaderedza kugovera, izvo zvinogona kusimudza mutengo. Kana mari yaro ikava yakakwirira kwazvo, bhagheni ingadhindwa zvakanyanya. Izvozvo zvinowedzera kugovera uye kuderedza mutengo wayo.
Nhengo dzehurongwa hweBretton Woods dzakabvumirana kuti dzirege kudzivirira chero hondo ipi zvayo. Somuenzaniso, havangaderedzi mari yavo kuti vawedzere kutengeserana.
Asi vaigona kutarisira mari yavo pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Semuenzaniso, vanogona kutora matanho kana hupfumi hwekune dzimwe nyika hwakatanga kutadzisa hupfumi hwavo. Vaigonawo kugadzirisa mari yavo yehutano yekuvaka patsva mushure mehondo.
Iyo Yakashandura Sei Gold Gold
Pamberi peBretton Woods, nyika dzakawanda dzakatevera chiyero chegoridhe .
Izvozvo zvaireva nyika imwe neimwe yakavimbiswa kuti yaizodzikinura mari yayo yekukosha kwayo mugoridhe. Mushure meBretton Woods, nhengo imwe neimwe yakabvumirana kudzikinura mari yayo ye US dollars, kwete yegoridhe. Nei mahara? IUnited States yakabata zvitatu zvechina zvehupfumi hwepasi rose. Hapana imwe yemari yakanga ine goridha yakakwana kuti iite shure kwayo sechinzvimbo. Kukosha kwechiroro kwaiva 1/35 yeaunce yegoridhe. Bretton Woods yakabvumira nyika kuti ichinje zvishoma nezvishoma kubva muyero yegoridhe kusvika ku US dollar standard.
Dhora rakanga rave ikozvino rakatsiva golide. Somugumisiro, kukosha kwedhora kwakatanga kuwedzera maererano nezvimwe mari. Ikoko kwakanga kune kudiwa kweiyo, kunyange zvazvo yakakosha mugoridhe yakaramba yakafanana. Izvi zvakakosha mukudyara mbeu yekuwa kweBretton Woods kwemakumi matatu emakore gare gare.
Chikonzero Nei Chaidiwa
Kusvikira Hondo Yenyika I, nyika dzakawanda dzakanga dziri patafura yegoridhe. Asi ivo vakabva vaenda kuitira kuti vanyange kudhinda mari yaidiwa kubhadhara mari yavo yehondo. Izvo zvakakonzera hyperinflation , sezvo kubhadhara kwemari kwakakonzera kuda. Kukosha kwemari kwakawira zvakanyanya zvokuti, mune dzimwe nguva, vanhu vaida mabhiribha azere nemari kuti vatenge chingwa chechingwa. Mushure mokunge hondo, nyika dzakadzokera kune kuchengeteka kwehutano hwegoridhe .
Zvose zvakafamba zvakanaka kusvikira kuDambudziko rekuDarika . Mushure mekunge 1929 kuhowa kwemahombekiti emashamba , vatengesi vanoshandiswa kuti vatange kutengeserana nekutengesa . Iyo yakafambisa mutengo wegoridhe , zvichiita kuti vanhu vadzikinure mari yavo yegoridhe. Sangano reFederal Reserve rakaita kuti zvinhu zviwedzere kuburikidza nekudzivirira nyika yegoridhe rekuchengetedza kuburikidza nekusimudzira mutengo wemari . Hazvishamisi kuti nyika dzaive dzakagadzirira kusiya mhando yegoridhe yakakwana.
Sangano reBretton Woods rakapa marudzi akawanda kugadziriswa kupfuura kushingaira kwekuteerera kwegoridhe yegoridhe, asi zvishoma kuderera pane zvisingasviki zvachose. Nhengo yenyika ichiri kuchengetedza kukwanisa kushandura kukosha kwerudzi rwayo kana zvichidikanwa kugadzirisa "chirwere chakakosha" munharaunda yaro yemazana ino .
Basa reImF uye World Bank
Bretton Woods system yakanga isingashandisi pasina IMF. Izvi ndezvokuti nyika dzenhengo dzaida kuti dzibhadhare kunze kana mari yavo yehutano yakaninika.
Vangave vanoda rudzi rwebhengi rwenyika yose vaigona kukwereta kubva kune imwe nguva kana vachida kuchinja mari yavo, uye havana mari yavo pachavo. Kana zvisina kudaro, vangangobata zvipfeko zvekutengeserana kana kuti kusimudzira chido chekuda .
Nyika dzeBretton Woods dzakasarudza kupikisa IMF simba rebhengi guru repasi rose, kudhinda mari sezvaidiwa. Pane kudaro, vakabvuma kugovera kune rimwe denga rakagadzikana renyika uye mari yegoridhe kuti iitwe neImF. Nhengo imwe neimwe yehurongwa hweBretton Woods yakanga yakakodzera kodzero yekukwereta zvaidiwa, mumiganhu yemigiro yayo. IMF yaivewo iyo yekuita basa rekusimudzira chibvumirano cheBretton Woods.
Bhizinesi reNyika, pasinei nezita rayo, rakanga risati riri bhenji guru repasi . Panguva yemvumo yeBretton Woods, World Bank yakagadzirirwa kukwereta kunyika dzeEurope dzakaparadzwa neHondo Yenyika II. Iye zvino chinangwa cheBanhasi reNyika ndechekukweretesa mari kumapurogiramu ezvekusimudzira hupfumi munyika dzinotengesa mazai .
The Collapse yeBretton Woods System
Muna 1971, United States yakanga ichirwara nehuwandu hwemagetsi. Iko kusanganisa kwakaipisisa kwekuwedzera kwezvinhu uye kuderedza dambudziko . Icho chikamu chimwe chikamu chekuita kwedhora rekuda mari yepasi rose. Mukupindura, Mutungamiri Nixon akatanga kushandura kukosha kwechiroro mugoridhe. Nixon akadzokorora dhora kune 1/38 yeawa imwe chete yegoridhe, zvakare 1/42 yeaunce.
Asi urongwa hwakadzoka zvakare. Yakagadzira mhanho pamabhadharo epaIndaneti kuFort Knox sezvo vanhu vakanunura mari yavo yakakurumidza kudhura yegoridhe. Muna 1973, Nixon haana kubvisa kukosha kwedhora kubva kune ndarama zvachose. Pasina kudzora kutengesa, ndarama yakakurumidza kudururwa kusvika ku $ 120 paawa imwe chete mumusika wekusununguka . Hurongwa hweBretton Woods hwapera. (Kubva: "Kurwisana NeDorlar Kuyera," Nguva, Gumiguru 4, 1971. "Bretton Woods," Benjamin Cohen. "Nhoroondo Pfupfupi yeBretton Woods," Nguva. "