Iyo Nixon Yakaparadza Sei Dollar?
Asi zviitiko izvi zvakanyatsozivikanwa zvinovhura kuti Nixon yakapotsa sei kuparadza hupfumi hweUnited States.
Kuti aporese kutengesa kwemafuro , akaisa mhirizhonga yemari-kutengesa mitengo. Izvozvo zvakapfuura neAmerica yemusika wemari . Kunyanya kuipa, akagumisa mutero wegoridhe wakasungiridza kukosha kwedhora kune goridhe.
Izvi zvakatora makore gumi ekusimudzira . Yakanga ichangoreswa nehuwandu-digit digit interest rates, zvichikonzera kuparadza kwenyika muna 1981. Kupedza mutemo wegoridhe kwakabvumira hurumende yeUnited States kudhinda madhora kuti agadzirise dambudziko rese rezvemari. Izvozvo zvakasimbisa kukosha kwayo zvaizowa nokusingaperi.
Zvakaitika sei? Muna 1968, kushandiswa kweMutungamiri Johnson paHondo yeVietnam uye neHuman Society yakasimudzira hupfumi ku4,9 muzana. Asi yakatumira inflation kune zvinotambudza 4.7 muzana. Sezvo veAmerica vachibudirira, vaitengesa zvimwe zvinhu, vachibhadhara madhora. Izvo zvakagadzira kukwana kukuru kwebhadharo .
Kuwedzerwa kwemadhora kwakatyisidzira mutero wegoridhe. Ndiyo iyo Federal Reserve yakadzikinura $ 35 nehafu yegoridhe. Nyika dzedzimwe nyika dzakabata $ 45.7 mabhiriyoni mumadhora, asi US
chete yakabata $ 14,5 biliyoni negoridhe. Yakanga isingakwanisi kudzikinura vose. Vatorwa vokune dzimwe nyika vakashandura mari yavo yegoridhe, vachideredza mabhizimusi ehombekombe 'endarama yakawanda. Kuita kuti dhora riwedzere kuwedzerwa kubata, Federal Reserve yakasimudza chikamu chekuda kusvika ku6 muzana.
Asi kumhanya kwegoridhe kwakaenderera mberi.
Yakakonzera kutengesa kusvika 6.2 muzana muna 1969, gore rekutanga raNixon muhofisi. IFed yakadzivirira mutero wegoridhe kuburikidza nekusimudza mitengo kusvika 9.19 muzana. Zvinosuruvarisa, zvakasimbisawo kuderera kwakaderera kwakatanga gare gare gore iroro. Pakupera kwa1970, uwandu hwemabasa hwakanga hwakasvika kusvika 6.1 muzana.
Kukurukurirana kweNixon pamusoro peSarudzo dzakashanduka kwakachinja nyika nokusingaperi
Nokusarudzwa kwake zvakare, Nixon akarwisa rudzi urwu runyoro rwekuwedzera kwezvinhu nekushaiwa basa. Akazivisa " Nixon Shock " munharaunda iyi yaAugust 15, 1971, mutauro.
Kubudirira kusina hondo kunoda kuita chimwe chinhu pazvikamu zvitatu: Tinofanira kusika mabasa mazhinji uye akanaka; Tinofanira kusimudza kusimudzirwa kwezvinhu zvekurarama; isu tinofanira kuchengetedza dhora kubva kuzvidziviriro zvemarudzi ekufungidzira mari.
Zvinangwa zvinokosha, asi mhinduro dzaiva dzakaipa. Chokutanga, Nixon akarayira mazuva 90 ".. .freeze pamatengo ose nemisha muUnited States yose." Akasika Pay Board uye Price Commission kuti iwedzere kuwedzera kusvikira zvakanaka mushure mekusarudzwa kwe192.
Mari yekubhadhara uye kutengesa mutengo haishandisi mune mari yepamusi yemari . Ndechokuti vashandi havagone kuwedzera, vachivapa mari shoma yokutenga zvinhu uye mabasa. Izvozvo zvinoderedza zvinoda . Mabhizimusi haagoni kukonzera mitengo kuti kuwedzere kudiwa. Uyewo havagoni kukwidza mitengo, kunyange zvazvo mari yezvinhu zvavo inotengeswa inowedzera.
Havagone kuderedza mubairo, saka vanoderedza kushandira uye saka vanoda.
Chechipiri, Nixon akavhara hwindo regoridhe. Yakadonha bhomba rezvemari kune vashanduri vakange vasaina Bvumirano yeBretton Woods mushure meHondo Yenyika II. Izvo zvakapedzisira zvamira kudzikinura madhora negoridhe. Mune mamwe mazwi, United States yaisazokwanisa kukudza chibvumirano chayo chokutsigira kukosha kwechiroro nehutano hwegoridhe. Ona vhidhiyo yekutaura kwaNixon.
Chechitatu, Nixon akaisa mutero we10 muzana wokutenga mutengo wokuderedza mari yekubhadhara. Yakangogara kwemwedzi mina chete. Iro yakamanikidza vashandi veAmerica kuti vatore mutengo wegoridhe kusvika ku $ 38 per ounce. Yakanga iine madhora matatu chete, asi yakatumirawo kukosha kwedhora pasi. Izvo zvakaita kuti zvinhu zvakatengeswa zviwedzere kudhura uye zvakagadzira zvakawanda zvekuwedzera. Yakaparadzawo kuvimbwa kunodiwa kutengeserana kwenyika yose.
Vashandi vedu vakatanga kushandura zvimwe zvemajeri avo uye kuwedzera mitengo yemari yekuwedzera kukosha kwavo.
Zviito zveNixon zvaive zvakakurumbira pamusha, zvichimuendesa kukunda muna 1972. Yaiva iyo yakawanda yeRwandaan nyika yeCold War. Akakunda nyika yose asi Massachusetts. Akaenderera mberi kuti aite zvinoshamisa zvikuru kune dzimwe nyika. Akaenda kuBeijing, akasayina Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, uye akapedza Hondo yeVietnam. Asi akadyarawo mbeu ye stagflation .
Nixon Yakabva yasika 1973-1975 Kudzoka
Muna 1973, Nixon akaenzanisa nedhora zvakare, achiita imwe yegoridhe inokwana madhora 42. Sezvo dhora raifunga, vanhu vakatengesa miti yavo yegoridhe. Pakazosvika 1973, Nixon akabudisa dhora iri kubva kugoridhe zvakakwana. Imusika yakakurumidza kutumira mutengo wesimbi yakakosha kusvika $ 120 paawa. Kuwedzera kwepamuviri kwaiva mune kaviri-mazita. Yakapedza makore zana emakore nhoroondo yegoridhe .
Mari yekutengesa-mutengo yakagadzira dambudziko munaNovember 1973. Nixon akadziparadza munaEpril 1974, asi kukanganisa kwaitwa. Ikoko kwakanga kune zvitatu zvakatevedzana zvekodzero dzekuwedzera kweGDP :
- Q3 1974 (pasi 3.9 muzana)
- Q4 1974 (pasi 1,6 muzana)
- Q1 1975 (pasi 4.8 muzana)
Urombo hwakabata 9 muzana munaMay 1975. Kuwedzera kwezvipfeko zvakakanganisika pakati pemapfumbamwe 10-12 kubva munaFebruary 1974 kusvika munaEpril 1975. IOOPEC mafuta embargo inowanzopomerwa mhosva yekukonzera kutengesa kwemazana nemadhora makumi mana. Asi iwe unogona kuona ikozvino kuti inongowedzera mafuta kune imwe nguva moto unopisa, chimwe chezvakaipa zvikuru munhoroondo yekudzoka .
Dzimwe Nzira dzeMari dzeNixon
Zvimwe zvezvimwe zvisarudzo zveNixon zvakasimbisa kwenguva refu, kunyange zvisingaiti sezviri pachena, zvinetso zvemari.
Nixon Dzidziso. Musi waJuly 25, 1969, Nixon akataura kuti veUnited States vanga vatarisira kuti vashandi vavo vatarisire kuzvidzivirira kwavo, asi vaizopa rubatsiro sezvakakumbirwa. Chinangwa chedzidziso chaiva kupindura kurwisana kwehondo uye kuunza United States kunze kwehondo yakakwana muVietnam. Pane kudaro, veUnited States vaizodzidzisa uye vagoita masimba emunharaunda. Verenga mutauro pano.
Iyo Nixon Doctrine yaiva nehuwandu hwehupfumi hunogara kwenguva refu. Izvo zvakapa mukati mekubatanidzwa kuMiddle East. Iyo yakabuda kunze kwekuchengetedzwa kwemafuta emunharaunda munzvimbo iyi kusvika kuH Shah of Iran neSaudi Arabia. Pakazosvika 1969-1979, United States yakatumira $ 26 bhiriyoni muzvigaro kunyika mbiri kuti dzidzivirire kurwisana ne communism . Urongwa hwacho hwakaramba huchienda kusvikira Russia inoparadza Afghanistan muna 1978 uye Shah akaparadzwa muna 1979.
Dzidziso yakarongedza nheyo yeHondo muAfghanistan neIraq War . Vakawedzera $ 1.5 triliyoni kune chikwereti cheUnited States . Nixon yakangowedzera $ 121 mabhiriyoni kune chikwereti chemadhora mabhiriyoni makumi matatu nemadhora makumi matatu ($ 354 billion) panguva yake muhofisi. Icho chakanga chisina kunyorwa, zvichienzaniswa nechikwereti chevamwe vatungamiri . Asi Dzidziso yake yakagadzirisa nguva yakareba pachikwereti ichi chinonyanya kukosha.
Watergate. Muna 1972, Komiti Yakazosarudzwa zvakare Mutungamiri akabvumira kupinda-mukati. Yakanga iri pamahofisi eDemocratic National Committee muhofisi yehofisi yeWergate. Juri guru rakarongedza zvinomwe zveNixon's aid. Nixon akaedza kushandura kuongorora, izvo zvakaita kuti ataure kuti apiwe mhosva.
Muchuchisi weWergate akakumbira matepi ehurukuro ehurukuro yakanyorwa naNixon muhofisi yeOval. Nixon akaramba, kudai "ropafadzo yakakura" yakamuita zvirwere. MuUnited States v. Nixon , Dare Repamusorosoro rakaona kuti Nixon akanga asina kodzero, munyaya iyi, kuti asachengetedze ruzivo kuchengetedza zvakavanzika zvekutaurirana. Ndizvo nokuti izvi zvakanga zvisiri nyaya yezvematongerwo enyika uye hazvina kuchengetedza kufarira kwenyika.
Panzvimbo pokunyengedzwa kweMvuragate, Nixon yakasiya musi waAugust 8, 1974. Asi kudarika kwaakasika hakuna kupera kusvikira muna 1975 mushure mokunge Fed yakaderedza chido chezvibereko. Izvi zvakangoita kuti Nixon yekupuka yakasikwa nokugumisa chiyero chegoridhe.
Kuti varwise kutengesa kwezvinhu, Federal Chair Chairman Paul Volcker akakurumidza kusimudza mari yakabhadhara mari kusvika 20 muzana . Zvinosuruvarisa, mutemo uyu wekubhadharisa mari wakakonzera kukanganisa kwakaipisisa kubvira Kubwinya Kukuru. Yakaguma kubva munaJuly 1981 kusvika munaNovember 1982. Uwandu hwebasa hwakapinda pa10,8 muzana, hukuru pane imwe nyika. Yakaramba iri pamusoro pe10 muzana kwechinenge gore.
Watergate yakakanganisa kuvimba kwehurumende muhurumende, sezvo nyika yakanzwa ichitengeswa. Muna 1964, mapurisa akaratidza kuti 75 kubva muzana veAmerica vaitenda kusarudzwa vakuru vehurumende muWashington vaigona kuvimbwa kuti vaite zvakafanira nyika. Pakazosvika 1974, chetatu chete chaitenda saizvozvo. Kushayikwa kwekutenda hurumende kwakaita kuti sarudzo dzaRonald Reagan dzive muna 1980. Yakaita kuti vanhu vose vatende mune zvisiri izvo, izvo zvakaita kuti kuwedzera kwehupfumi kuwedzere.
Makore Ekutanga aNixon
Nixon akaberekerwa muCalifornia muna 1913. Basa rake rokutanga rakanga riri kushanda pachitoro chababa vake. Kunyange zvakadaro, akakurira muurombo, uye vanin'ina vake vaviri vakaurayiwa nechirwere chetachiona. Nixon akapedza kudzidza kubva kuWhitetier uye Duke University Law School. Akanga ari gweta rekudzivirira oga kusvikira apinda muNavy muHondo Yenyika II.
Akazova mukuru weCongress muna 1948. MunaAugust, Nixon akauya nechekare reDhipatimendi reDhipatimendi rehurumende Alger Hiss kumusangano wepachena weHarare Un-American Activity Committee. Dare racho rakapomera Hiss yekuva Soviet mujeri uye akatongerwa mhosva yezvakaipa. Uyu mutongo wakaita kuti Nixon isarudze nyika. Yakamubatsira kuva California Senator muna 1950.
Muna 1952, Nixon akaramba mhosva dzekusashandiswa kwekushandisa kwemakambani emakambani. Akati iye chete chipo chaaichengeta chaiva mbwa yake Checkers. Akava Vachi-Mutungamiri pasi peMutungamiri Eisenhower muna 1956.
Muna March 1960, paairwisa John F. Kennedy kuMutungamiriri wehurumende, Arthur Burns akamuyambira kuti hupfumi hwaizoita kuti hurumende isati yasvika. Burns "akakurudzira zvakasimba kuti zvose zvinogona kuitika kuti zvibvise izvi. Akakurudzira kuti zviito zviviri zviitwe pakarepo: nekusunungura pachikwereti uye, apo zvinokwanisika, nekuwedzera mari yekuchengetedza nyika. "Eisenhower aisazoshandisa hurongwa hwematongerwo enyika kuchinja sarudzo kunze kwekunge paine huwandu hwekugadzirisa zvekutengesa. JFK akakunda Nixon muna 1960. Nixon akati kurasikirwa kwake kwakakonzerwa nehuwandu hwemabasa, iyo yakatanga kutarisa kubva ipapo.
Akakunda vose Visi-Mutungamiri Hubert Humphrey uye mubatanidzwa wechitatu wezvematongerwo enyika George Wallace, kuti ave Mutungamiri muna 1969. Akarova George McGovern muna 1973. (Chinyorwa: "Richard Nixon," White House.)
Nixon Presidency negore
| Gore | Inflation (Dec) | Kubasa (Dec) | Fed Funds Rate (Dec) | GDP (Gore) | Zviitiko Zvakachinja Mari |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1968 | 4.7% | 3.4% | 6.0% | 4.9% | Fed yakawedzera mitengo |
| 1969 | 6.2% | 3.5% | 9.0% | 3.1% | Nixon akatora basa |
| 1970 | 5.6% | 6.1% | 5.0% | 0.2% | Kudzoka |
| 1971 | 3.3% | 6.0% | 5.0% (3.5% muna Feb, 5.75% muna Aug) | 3.3% | Mutengo-mutengo wekutonga |
| 1972 | 3.4% | 5.2% | 5.75% | 5.2% | Stagflation |
| 1973 | 8.7% | 4.9% | 11% | 5.6% | Hondo yegoridhe nehondo yeVietnam yakapera |
| 1974 | 12.3% | 7.2% | 8% (13% munaJuly) | -0.5% | Kudzoka |
Mamwe maPresident 'Economic Policies
- Donald Trump (2017 - 2021)
- Barack Obama (2009 - 2017)
- George W. Bush (2001 - 2009)
- Bill Clinton (1993 - 2001)
- Ronald Reagan (1981 - 1989)
- Lyndon B Johnson (1963 - 1969)
- John F. Kennedy (1961 - 1963)
- Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933 - 1945)
- Enzanisa Nixon kuRepublican Presidents Kubva Warren Harding