Mitengo yeAplation: The Four Most Critical Plus Nine More

by Kimberly Amadeo

Kunosanganisira Asset, Misha, uye Kuwedzera Kwezvinhu

Kutengesa kwezvipfeko apo apo mutengo wezvigadzirwa nemabasa zvinowedzera. Kune mana mana makuru emhando dzekuwedzera kwezvinhu, zvakarongedzwa nekukurumidza. Vari kufamba-famba, kufamba, kutamba uye hyperinflation. Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzemasitemu ekutengesa kwezvinhu uyewo kubhadharira kutengesa. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti kudiwa-kukwevera uye kunodhura-kupfurikidza kutengesa kwezvirwere kune mamwe maviri mhando, asi izvo zvinokonzera kutengesa kwezvinhu . Saizvozvowo kuwedzera kwemari inopa .

01 Kusvibiswa Kwekuwedzera

Kubvongodza kana kunyoroka kwepamusoro ndiko apo mitengo inokwira 3 muzana gore kana kuti pasi. Maererano neThe Federal Reserve , kana mitengo inowedzera 2 muzana kana zvishoma inobatsira kuwedzera kwehupfumi . Iko rudzi rwemagetsi anonyoroka anoita kuti vatengi vatarise kuti mutengo ucharamba uchikwira. Iko kunowedzera kuda . Vashandi vanotenga ikozvino kuti varwe nepamusoro matengo emangwana. Ndiko kukunda kwemafuro emhepo kunoita kuti kuwedzerwa kwehupfumi kuwedzere. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, Fed inogadzirisa 2 muzana seyo inotarirwa nehuwandu hwehutengo .

02 Kufamba Mafuta

Iyi yakasimba, kana inoparadza, kutengesa kwepakati iri pakati pe3-10 kubva pagore. Izvo zvinokuvadza kuhupfumi nokuti inopisa kukura kwehupfumi nokukurumidza. Vanhu vanotanga kutenga zvakawanda kupfuura zvavanoda, kungoita kuti mangwana ave nematengo akakwirira zvikuru. Izvi zvinotoda zvimwe zvekare, kuitira kuti vatengesi havagone kuchengeta. Zvinotonyanya kukosha, uyewo haigoni kubhadhara. Somugumisiro, zvigadzirwa zvinowanikwa uye mabasa anobhadharwa kubva kunze kwekusvika kwevanhu vakawanda.

03 Galloping Inflation

Kuronga kuwedzera kwezvinhu kwakaitika panguva yeWWII. (Mufananidzo: US National Archives uye Records Administration)

Kana kutengesa kwepamuviri kuchikwira kusvika ku 10 kubva muzana kana kupfuura, zvinowedzera kukanganisa kwakakwana kwehupfumi. Mari inokanganisa kukosha zvakanyanya zvokuti bhizimisi uye mushandi wepfuma haagoni kugadzirisa nemari uye mari. Vashandi vepanyika kunze kwenyika vanozvidzivirira nyika, vachidzivisa iyo inoda mari . Upfumi hunova husina kugadzikana, uye vatungamiri vehurumende vanotadza kutendeseka. Kugadzirisa kutengesa kwenyika kunofanira kudzivirirwa pazvinhu zvose.

04 Hyperinflation

Hyperinflation iyo apo mitengo inokwira kupfuura 50 muzana pamwedzi. Hazviwanzoitiki. Ichokwadi, mienzaniso yakawanda yehutachiona yakaitika apo hurumende dzakadhinda mari yekubhadhara hondo. Mienzaniso ye hyperinflation inosanganisira Germany muma1920s, Zimbabwe muma2000, uye Venezuela muma 2010s. Nguva yekupedzisira America yakawana hyperinflation yaiva panguva yehondo yehurumende.

05 Stagflation

Stagflation ndeye apo kukura kwehupfumi kuripo asi huripo mutengo wekutengesa . Izvi zvinoratidzika zvinopesana, kana zvisingaitiki. Sei mabhazi achikwira kana pasina chido chakakwana chokudzikisa hupfumi?

Zvakaitika muma1970 apo United States yakasiya tsika yegoridhe . Kamwe chete kukosha kwechiroro kwakanga kusisisiri kusungirwa negoridhe, yakaderera. Panguva imwecheteyo, mutengo wegoridhe wakanyongedzwa.

Stagflation haina kuguma kusvikira Sachigaro weFederal Reserve Paul Volcker akakwidza mari yakadzvara mari kusvika kuviri-mazita. Akaichengeta ipapo kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana kudzivisa matarisiro ekuwedzera kwezvishoma. Nemhaka yokuti yakanga iri mamiriro ezvinhu asina kujairika, kuwedzera kungave kusingazoitiki zvakare.

06 Core Inflation

Iko inokonzerwa nehuwandu hwekutsvaga kwehuwandu hunoenderana nekukwira kwemitengo muzvinhu zvose kunze kwekudya nesimba Izvozvo ndezvokuti mitengo yegesi inowedzera kuwedzera nguva yechando. Mhuri dzinoshandisa gesi yakawanda kuenda kuzororo. Gorosi yepamusoro inodhura kuwedzera mutengo wezvokudya uye chero chimwe chinhu chine mari huru yekufambisa.

Sangano reSweden rinoshandisa mutengo wekutsvaga kwekutsvaga kwekutungamira mukugadzirisa hurongwa hwemari . Iko mari haifaniri kugadzirisa chido chezvibereko nguva dzose nguva yekutengeswa kwegesi inokwira.

07 Deflation

Kusarudzwa kunopesana nehupfumi . Ndiyo apo mitengo inowira. Zvinokonzerwa apo inofisa bubble bursts.

Ndizvo zvakaitika mumusha muna 2006. Kusarudzwa kwematengo emigodhi kwakavhara avo vakatenga dzimba dzavo muna 2005. Kutaura zvazviri, Fed yainetseka pamusoro pekuregererwa kwenyika munguva yekuderera. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nokuti kusawirirana kunogona kuita kuti kuderera kuve kuora mwoyo. Panguva yekuderera kukuru kwegore ra1929 , mutengo wakaderera 10 muzana pagore. Kana imwe nguva kutadza kunotanga, zvakaoma kumira pane kuwedzera kwekuwedzera.

08 Mubairo wekuwana

Mari yekuperesa ndeye apo kubhadhara kwevashandi kunomhanya nekukurumidza kupfuura mari yekurarama . Izvi zvinoitika mumamiriro matatu. Chokutanga, apo apo pane kushaya kwevashandi. Chechipiri, apo hurumende dzebasa dzinobvunzurudza mibairo yepamusoro-yakakwirira. Chechitatu ndechokuti vashandi vanobudirira kutonga mari yavo pachavo.

Kushaya kwevashandi kunowanikwa pose apo urombo huri pasi pe4 muzana. Sangano rezvemabasa rinotaurirana nezvebhadharo yakakwirira yevashandi vemotokari muma1990. Vakuru vakuru vanobudirira kutonga mubhadharo wavo pachavo nekugara pamabhodi akawanda emakambani, kunyanya avo pachavo. Zvose izvi zvinokonzerwa nekubhadhara mari.

Zvechokwadi, munhu wese anofunga kuti kuwedzera kwemari yavo kune mhosva. Asi iyo mibairo yakakwirira ndiyo imwe yezvinhu zvinodhura-kusvitsa kuwedzera. Izvozvo zvinogona kutengesa zvigadzirwa zvezvinhu zvekambani nemashandiro.

09 Asset Inflation

Nzvimbo yebasa rekushandisa, kana yekutengesa kwenyika, inowanikwa mune rimwe boka reasset . Mienzaniso yakanaka ndeyeimba, mafuta uye ndarama . Inowanzokanganwa neState Reserve uye mamwe maitiro ekuchera kwepamusoro apo huwandu hwehupfumi huri pasi. Asi subprime mortgage crisis uye dambudziko rezvemari rezvemari rose rakaratidza kuti kukuvadza kusagadziriswa kwezvinhu zvakashata kunogona kuva.

10 Asset Inflation - Gesi

Gesi mitengo inomuka gore rimwe nerimwe mukufungidzira nguva yezhizha yekufambisa motokari yegore. Zvechokwadi, iwe unogona kutarisira kuti mutengo wemagetsi uwedzere masenti gumi pajeri rimwe nerimwe gore. Asi kusatendeseka mune zvematongerwo enyika munyika dzinotengesa mafuta kunokwidza mitengo yegesi yakakwirira muna 2011 na2012. Mitengo yakakunda nguva yose ye $ 4.17 munaJuly 2008, nekuda kwekusaziva kwehupfumi.

Koko mutengo wemafuta unobatanidzwa neiyo mutengo wegesi ? Zvizhinji. Zvechokwadi, mitengo yemafuta inobata 72 muzana yemafesi emagetsi. Zvose zviri kugoverwa uye mitero. Hazvirevi sezvinotengeswa semafuta emafuta.

11 Asset Inflation - Mafuta

Mafuta emafuta asina mafuta akarova nguva yose yakakwirira ye $ 143.68 nebhiramu munaJuly 2008. Izvi zvaive pasinei nekuderera kwekudiwa kwenyika uye kuwedzera kwekupa. Mafuta emafuta anogadziriswa nevatengesi vezvinhu . Icho chinosanganisira vaviri vanofungidzira uye vatengesi vemabhizimisi vachikanda ngozi dzavo. Vatengesi vanobhadhara mitengo yemafuta mumamiriro maviri. Kutanga, kana vachifunga kuti kune zvingangovhundutsa kupa, zvakadai semhirizhonga kuMiddle East. Chechipiri, ndechekuti kana vachiona zvakasimudzirwa mukuda, zvakadai sekukura muChina.

12 Asset Inflation - Zvokudya

Zvokudya zvezvokudya zvakawedzera 6,8 muzana mugore ra2008, zvichikonzera kudengenyeka kwezvokudya muIndia nemamwe misika yakabuda . Vakatsva zvakare muna 2011, vachikwira 4.8 muzana. Zvokudya zvepamusoro zvinotungamirirwa kuArab Spring, maererano nevakawanda vezvoupfumi. Kudyidzana kwezvokudya kunokonzerwa nehuwandu hwemagetsi mumatongerwo anokosha ekirasi ino inogona zvakare.

13 Asset Inflation - Gold

Kubwinya kwepfuma kwakaitika apo mitengo yegoridhe yakakunda nguva yose yakakwirira ye $ 1,895 imwechete musi waSeptember 5, 2011. Kunyange zvazvo vatengi vakawanda vangave vasina kudana izvi zvekutsvaga, iyo ndeyechokwadi. Ndiko kuti mitengo yakasimuka pasina kushanduka kwakafanana mukugovera kwegoridhe kana kuda. Pane kudaro, vatengesi vakamhanyira kugoridhe senzvimbo yakachengeteka. Vakanga vachinetseka nezvekuderera kwemadhora . Vainzwa kuti ndarama yakavadzivirira kubva kune hyperinflation muSU zvigadzirwa nemabasa. Vakanga vasina chokwadi nezvekugadzikana kwenyika yose.

Ndezvipi zvinokanganisa mari? MunaAugust, iyo mhizha yemabasa yakaratidza zvachose zero mitsva yekuwana basa. Munguva yezhizha, dambudziko re eurozone rakatarisa sekuti raisazogadziriswa. Paivawo nekushungurudzika pamusoro pekuti iUnited States ingadai isina kukwana pane chikwereti chayo . Mitengo yegoridhe inomuka pakupindura kusava nechokwadi. Dzimwe nguva ndezvekukomberedza kutengesa. Dzimwe nguva pane zvakanyatsopesana, kudzoka kwekuderera .