5 Zvinokonzerwa Nekutsvaga-Ita Zvinhu Zvokushandisa
Iyo ndiyo inonyanya kukonzera kukwidza kwezvishoma . Chimwe chikonzero, kukosha-kukwira kutengesa kwezvokudya , kunongororesa.
Inotanga nekuderera kwehuwandu hwekutenga kana kuwedzerwa mumutengo wezvokubhadhara. Vatengi vanokwidza mitengo nokuti vanoziva vatengi vacharipa. Izvozvo zvinonzi inelastic zvinoda .
Zvishanu Zvinokonzerwa Nekuda-Ita Kuti Kuwedzerwa Kwemhepo
Pane zvikonzero zvishanu zvekutsvaga-kukwevera kutengesa. Yokutanga nderimwe hupfumi huri kukura . Kana mhuri dzichinzwa dzichivimba, dzinopedza zvakawanda panzvimbo yekuponesa. Vanotarisira kuve nekusimudza uye mabasa akanaka. Vanoziva dzimba dzavo uye mamwe mazvikwereti achawedzera mukukosha. Vanofunga kuti hurumende iri kuita chinhu chakanaka mukutungamirira hupfumi. Vachakwereta zvakare, kana nemotokari yemotokari kana kumusha , kana makadhi emakadhi . Kana vasingakwereti zvakanyanya, ichi ndicho chikonzero chakaipa chekutengesa kwezvinhu. Iko kunobatsira kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma uye kutengesa.
Yechipiri ndiyo kutarisira kwekuwedzera kwezvinhu . Sachigaro weBato reBurumende Ben Bernanke akatsanangura izvi nenzira iyi. Kana vanhu vakatarisira kutengesa kwezvinhu, vanozotenga zvinhu zvino kuti vasave nepamusoro kwemazuva emangwana.
Izvo zvinowedzera zvinoda, izvo zvino zvinoumba zvinoda-kutora kupera. Pane imwe nguva kutarisira kwekuwedzera kwezvinhu kunopinda mukati, zvakaoma kupedza. Semuenzaniso, mabhizimisi aitarisira kuwedzera kwechirwere chekuda uye kuwedzera kwenyika muma 1970. Izvo zvakasikwa zvichipeterera kutengesa. Panguva imwecheteyo, Mutungamiri Nixon akaisa mutengo wekubhadhara mubhadharo wakakonzera kukura kwehupfumi.
Kusanganiswa kwakasikwa stagflation .
Bernanke ndiye wekutanga weUnited States Reserve Reserve kuti agadzire chinangwa chekutengesa . Ndidzo 2 muzana. Izvi ndezvekuti hupfumi hwehutano hwakakura pakati pe2 - 3 muzana. Izvo zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandisa mutengo wekutengesa kwepakati . Iyo inopedza zvokudya zvisinganyanyi kuwanda uye simba.
Chikonzero chechitatu ndowokuwedzera kwekupa mari . Ndiko apo pane mari yakawanda yekudzingisa zvinhu zvishoma. Izvi zvinowanzoitika apo hurumende inonyora mari yakawanda. Inowanzoita izvi kuti kuripire chikwereti chacho. Ndiyo mutungamiri mukuru we hyperinflation. Izvo zvinogonawo kuitika kana Federal Reserve inowedzera chikwereti mumabhengi. A
Chinokonzera chechitatu nderekuti chirongwa chekubhadharisa mari chinonzi discretionary . Hurumende kushandisa mari yekufambisa zvakakosha. Somuenzaniso, kushandisa mari yehondo kunokwidza mitengo yezvombo zvehondo. Apo hurumende inoderedza mitero, inoitawo kuti inotengesa zvinoda. Vavengi vane mari yakawanda yekuwana mari yekushandisa mari. Apo iyo inowedzera nokukurumidza kudarika kugovera, inogadzira kuwedzera. Semuenzaniso, mitero yekubhadhara kwekutora chikwereti chekuda mari inowedzera kudiwa kwekugara. Hurumende inobhadhara mari yekuchengetwa kwemari Guarnie vaFilnie Mae naFreddie Mac vakakurudzirawo kuda. Kunyangwe paiva nezvimwe zvikonzero zvakawanda zveimba yehutu, havangadai vakanaka kunze kwemitemo yehurumende yehurumende .
Chechina ibasa rakasimba , iro rakagadzirwa nokudhinda. Kutengesa kunogona kusimbisa kudiwa kwezvimwe zvikwereti, chimiro chezvinhu zvakashata zvekutengesa . Muenzaniso mukuru Apple michina, kusanganisira iPod, iPad, uye iPhone. Mitengo yezvinhu izvi yakakwirira kudarika zvigadzirwa zvakafanana. Ndizvo kuti mutengi anonzwa Apple anonzwisisa zvavanoda, kusanganisira mafungiro. Pane chimwe chigadziro chokuva neApp product, uye iyo inobvumira Apple kutengesa mitengo yakakwirira.
Chikonzero chechishanu ndeyekodzero inyanzvi . Imwe kambani inogadzira teknolojia yepamusoro inayo yemusika kusvikira mamwe makambani anoona nzira yekuiripa iyo. Vanhu vachatsvaga michina nemagetsi anogadzira kubudirira kwechokwadi muupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva. Inyanzvi itsva inobatsirawo avo vanofanira kuva nejadget yakapfuura. Semuenzaniso, mota yemotokari yeTesla yaiva magetsi.
Yakashandisa motokari itsva yakasimudza, magetsi emagetsi uye mabheti ematanda. Izvo zvinobudirira zvokuti inotengesa zvikamu izvi kune mamwe makambani emotokari.
Mienzaniso Yekutsvaga-Itai Kuti Zvigadziriswe
Imwe muenzaniso wekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvekugadzirwa kwezvinhu mune zvemari. Chikwereti swaps chaive rudzi rutsva rwe inshuwarisi. Vaivimbisa kuti hazvizoitiki pane zvikwereti zvekare nemamwe marudzi ezvikwereti. Ichi chakavhara chikaita chido chakakwirira cheimwe mitsva, zvivimbiso zvakatsigirwa nezvinhu . Idzi dzaibvumira kuchengetedza zvakachengetedza mutengo wemari yekutengesa kunotengeswa kumusika wechipiri , kufanana nematokari .
Idzi idzi dzekuchengetedza dzingadai dzisina kusikwa kunze kweimwe shanduro innovation, super-computers. Vanoshandisa kukosha kwezviwanikwa izvi zvakaoma. Sezvo zvinoda kuti zvivimbiso zvikwire, ndizvo zvakaitawo mutengo wezvinhu zvakasikwa, dzimba. Apo kuwedzera kwezvinhu kunongoratidzira imwechete yefa, inozivikanwa sehuwandu hwekutengesa kwezvinhu . Mabhizimisi ekutsvaga mari yekubhadhara mari kunyoresa zvinyorwa zvinokonzerwa nekutengesa mitengo yekutengesa kusvika muna 2006. Ndiyo apo kugadziriswa kwakagadziriswa nechishuwo nemitengo yemusha yakatanga kuwira. Yakabatsira kusika matambudziko emari muna 2008 .
Yenyika yeFederal Reserve yakawedzera mari yekupa mari panguva imwecheteyo. Yakaderedza mari yakabhadharwa mari inosvika 1 muzana muna 2003 kurwisana nehupfumi. Yakaramba iripo kwegore. Kutengesa kwezvinhu kwakasimuka kusvika ku3.3 muzana. Matengo embairo akawedzera, achiumba bubble.
Kudyisa kwakabvumira mabhangi kusundira zvikwereti kune vose. Apo vanhu vaigona kukwereta kwechinhu chisina chinhu, uye vaisada mari, pasi pacho, hazvina maturo kukwereta. Vachibhadhara mutengo , varidzi veminda vakashandisa dzimba dzavo seATM. Vakapedza imba yavo yakaenzana pakuchengetwa kwezvokurapa, dzimba uye zvinhu zvevatengi. Asi kutengesa kwekutsvaga kunongoratidzwa chete mumitengo yemusha uye kutarisirwa kweutano. Mutengo wezvinhu zvose hauna kusimuka, nokuda kweChina . Yakachengeta mari yayo, yuan, pegged kusvika kudhora. Izvo zvakaderedza zvakaderedza mitengo yezvakatengeswa kuUnited States.
Mushure mekutambudzika kwemari muna 2008, kutengesa kwenyika kwakaitika mumitengo yegoridhe nemafuta . Kusarudzwa kwakaitika mumitengo yeimba uye mari yega. Chikumbiro-kukwevera kutengesa kwepamusoro kwakaramba kuripo mumitengo yegoridhe kusvikira vasvika pakanyorwa. Icho chaiva $ 1,895 pane imwe nguva musi waSeptember 5, 2011. Kuda kwegoridhe kwakasimuka sezvo vashandi vekutya vaine dambudziko pamusoro pematambudziko eEuroz uye chikwereti cheUnited States chakashata . Somugumisiro, vakatenga goridhe sevheji pakatarisana nedhora kana euro kuwira. (Kubva: "Economic Economicdown," St. Louis Federal Reserve. "Tsvaga-Ita Zvinhu Zvokudya," The Intelligent Economist.)
Mukuderera: Four Types of Inflation | Maitiro ekuderedzwa kweFed Inflation | Current Inflation Rate | Kusiyana Pakati Pekupererwa Kwezvinhu uye Kusarudzwa | Maitiro Ekutengesa Kunobata Upenyu Hwako