Mashandisiro anoita hurumende uye kushandiswa kwebato reDiscretionary Fiscal Policy
Tools
Discretionary yebhadharo inoshandisa mashandisi maviri. Icho chibharo chebhajeti uye kodhi yemitero. Shanduro yekutanga ndiyo chikamu chechirevo chebato reUnited States . Congress inotarisa rudzi urwu rwekushandisa nemari yezvikwereti gore negore. Chikuru ndechebhajhini yehondo .
Zvose zvemasangano ehurumende chikamu chekushandisa mari yekuziva.
Iyo bhajeti inewo inoshandiswa kushandisa mari . Izvi zvinosanganisira mari kubva ku Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, Obamacare uye kubhadhara chikwereti pane chikwereti chenyika. Congress inorayira idzi zvirongwa. Ivo ndiwo mutemo wenyika. Congress inofanira kuvhota kugadzirisa kana kubvisa mutemo unobvumirana kuti uchinje zvirongwa izvi. Saka, kuchinja mubhadharo inotarisirwa yakaoma zvikuru. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, hachisi chidziro chekusarudzira mari yekuziva.
Chechipiri chigwaro ndiyo kero yemutero. Inosanganisira mitero pamari yevashandi, purogiramu yekambani, kutengeswa uye zvimwe zvikwereti zvemari. Chero Congress chete ine simba rekuchinja mutero wemutero. Congress 'inoshandiswa kumutero wemitero inofanira kuitwa nekugadza mitemo mitsva. Mitemo iyi inofanira kupfuudzwa neSenate neImba yeVamiririri . Asi mutungamiriri wenyika ane simba rekushandura mitemo yemitero inoshandiswa.
Anokwanisa kutumira mirairo kune Internal Revenue Service kuti agadzirise kushanda kwemitemo nemitemo.
Aina
Kune marudzi maviri ehurukuro yekubhadhara mari. Chokutanga ndechekuwedzera kwematongerwo emitemo . Ndiyo apo hurumende yehurumende inowedzera kupedza kana kuderedza mitero. Apo kushandiswa kwawedzerwa, kunoumba mabasa.
Izvi zvinoitika zvakananga kuburikidza nemapurogiramu emabasa ehurumende kana kuti zvisina kukodzera kuburikidza nevakandarani Kushandisa pamabasa ekuvaka kwevakawanda ndiyo imwe yenzira dzakanakisisa dzokugadzira mabasa .
Kudenga kwaJobho kunopa vanhu mari yakawanda yokushandisa, kuwedzera kuda . Maererano neChnnesian economic theory , izvo zvinoita kuti hupfumi huwedzere .
Apo hurumende inoderedza mitero, inoisa mari zvakananga muhomwe yebhizimisi nemhuri. Vane mari yakawanda yokushandisa. Izvi zvinowedzerawo chido uye zvinotungamirira kukura. Apo kushandiswa uye kutengesa mutero kunoitwa panguva imwe chete, inoisa pedal kumatare. Ndicho chikonzero Mutemo Wekusimudzira Kwemari wakagumisa Kubva Kudzoka mumwedzi mishomanana chete. Yakashandiswa kusanganisa mabasa ehurumende, kutengesa mutero, uye kubatsirwa kwebasa kuchengetedza kana kugadzira mabasa 640 000 pakati paMarch naOctober 2009. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti kusapererwa kwebasa ndiyo inonyanya kukurudzira .
Kudyidzana-side economics inotaura kuti mutero unodzwa ndiyo nzira dzakanakisisa dzekusimudzira hupfumi. Kuwedzera kwehupfumi hwehupfumi kuchaita kuti hurumende inotasikirwa . Ndiko nokuti inogadzira mutsara mukuru wemitero. Asi kutengesa mutero kunoshanda chete kana mitero yakanga yakakwirira munzvimbo yekutanga. Maererano nehutano hwezvehupfumi, iyo Laffer Curve , iyo yakanyanya kutengesa mutero inofanira kunge iri pamusoro pe50 muzana yezvokudya-side economics kushanda.
Kutora mutero haisi iyo nzira yakanakisisa yekuumba mabasa .
Imwe mitemo yezvekuwedzera yezvekuwedzera inogadzira kukanganisa kwemari . Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvakaderera. Ndechokuti hurumende inoshandisa zvinopfuura izvo zvinogamuchira mumitero. Kazhinji hapachina chirango kusvikira chikwereti-ku-GDP chikwata chikawana 100 muzana. Panguva iyoyo, vatengesi vanobva vatanga kunetseka hurumende haizobhadhara chikwereti chayo chekutonga . Havazove vanoda chaizvo kutenga US Treasurys kana imwe chikwereti chakakwirira. Vachange vachida chikwata chapamusoro. Izvi zvinoita kuti chikwereti icho chinodhura zvakanyanya kubhadhara. Iyo inogona kusikira pasi kubuda. Somuenzaniso, tarisa pane dambudziko rechikwereti rechiGiriki.
Imwe mitemo inopesana nehurumende ndeyo apo hurumende inoderedza kupedza kana kukwidza mitero. Inotadzisa kuwedzera kwehupfumi. Kushandiswa kwemari kunoreva kuti mari shoma inowanikwa kuvakambani vehurumende nevashandi. Izvo zvino zvinoderedza basa kukura.
Apo Congress inomutsa mitero, inotadzisa kukura. Mitero yakakwirira inoderedza kuwanda kwemari inoshandiswa inowanika kumhuri kana mabhizinesi kuti atore. Inoderedza kuda uye inononoka kuwedzera kwehupfumi.
Discretionary fiscal policy inofanira kushanda seanopikisa kune bhizinesi . Pakati pechikamu chekuwedzera, Congress uye mutungamiriri wenyika vanofanira kupedza mari uye mapurogiramu ekuderedza pasi pehupfumi. Kana zvikaitwa zvakanaka, mubairo unofanirwa kukura kwezvehupfumi hwemaviri kusvika kune matatu kubva pagore.
Pane kudaro, vezvematongerwo enyika vanoramba vachipedza nekucheka mitero zvisinei nokuti tiri kupi mumusasa uye kubhururuka . Kana vachizviita panguva yepamusoro-soro , inopfutidza hupfumi uye inoita hupfumi hwezvinhu , uye inotungamirira kumunda unoparadza. Ndicho chikonzero chimwe chekutambudzika kwemari muna 2008 .
Zvinosuruvarisa, demokarasi pachayo inoita kuti kuwedzerwa kwemazano ehurumende kuwedzerwa. Sei? Nokuti vanoita mutemo vanosarudzwa, uye vanosarudzwazve nekushandisa mari nekuderedza mitero. Ndiyo iyo iyo inopa mubayiro vhoti, mapoka evanhu vanofarira uye avo vanopa kupa mishandirapamwe. Munhu wese anoti vanoda kutarisa bhajeti yakatemwa, kwete chikamu chebhajethi.
Discretionary Tax Tax Policy inopesana neMari
Pamusoro pazvo, discretionary fiscal policy inofanira kushanda mukuenderana nemitemo yemari yakagadzwa neFederal Reserve . Kana hupfumi huri kukura zvakanyanya, mutemo wehurumende unogona kushandisa mabheki nekukwira mitero kana kuderedza mari. Panguva imwecheteyo, Fed inofanira kugadzirisa mitemo yemari inopesana . Inoita izvi kuburikidza nekusimudza kudyidzana kwemari yemari kana kuti kuburikidza nemabasa ayo emisika.
Kana hupfumi huri muhupfumi, hutungamiri hwehurumende huripo hunogona kuderedza mitero uye kuwedzerwa kushandiswa apo Fed inotora hurongwa hwekuwedzera kwemari . Izvo zvichaitwa nekuderedza kudyidzana kwemari yemari kana kuti kuburikidza nehuwandu hwekutengesa . Sangano reSweden rakagadzira zvimwe zvombo zvokurwisana neHarare Recession. Paunenge uchishanda pamwe chete, mari yehurumende nemari inodzora bhizinesi.
Kubva kuma1990, vezvematongerwe enyika vakagadza mitemo yepamusoro yehurumende pasinei nokuti chii. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti zviri kusvika kuFed chete yekugadzirisa bhizimisi rebhizimisi. Sangano rezvemari rinowedzera riripo rinotadzisa hupfumi kushandisa sangano rekubhadharisa mari sezvakavhunika apo hupfumi huri kuwedzera. Kuwedzera kwekuderera kwezvibereko kunoderedza huwandu nehupfumi, kunyanya kumabhizimisi mashomanana uye misika yemumba. Iko kunosunga maoko eFed, kuderedza kushanduka kwayo.