Nei Kuteresa Mitsotsi Kusina Basa Rakareba
The Laffer Curve inyaya inotaura kuti mitero yepamusoro yemitero inokurudzira kukura kwezomnotho. Iyo inopfuurira kupa-side economic economics , Reaganomics uye sangano reTe Party rezvemari. Muongorori Arthur Laffer akachigadzira muna 1979.
The Laffer Curve inotsanangura kuti kuchinja mumitero inoshandiswa kunokanganisa sei mari yehurumende nenzira mbiri. Imwe inokurumidza, iyo Laffer inotsanangura se "arithmetic." Dhora roga roga mubhadharo yemitero rinoshandura zvakananga kune rimwe remadhora mashoma muhurumende yemari.
Chimwe chiitiko ndechekugara kwenguva refu, iyo Laffer inotsanangura se "yehupfumi". Inoshanda mune zvakasiyana. Pasi pemitero inoshandiswa kuisa mari mumaoko evateresi, avo vanozoipedza. Inogadzira mamwe mabasa ebhizimisi kuti asangane nevatengi voda . Nokuda kweizvi, makambani anoshandisa vashandi vakawanda, avo vanopedza mari yavo yakawedzerwa. Izvi zvinokurudzira kukura kwezvemari zvinoita kuti pave nekodzero yemutero. Iko kunopedzisira kushandura chero mari ipi zvayo yakarasikirwa kubva pamutero wecheka.
Laffer Curve Yakatsanangurwa
Icho chati chinoratidza kuti, pamucheto wekanguva, zero mitero inoguma musarudzo yehurumende uye, saka, hapana hurumende. Ichokwadi kuti mitero inowedzera kubva kune zero inosimudzira hurumende mari pakarepo. Pakutanga, kukwidza mitero kuchiri kuita basa rakanaka rekuwedzera mari yose, sezvinoratidzirwa nehupenzi hwemukati. Sezvo hurumende ichiramba ichisimudza mitero, mari inowanikwa mune mamwe mari inowedzera kuderera, zvichiita kuti nguva yacho iwedzere.
Pane imwe nguva, mitero yakakwirira inotakura mutoro unorema mukukura kwezomnotho. Kudiwa kunowira zvakanyanya zvokuti kuderera kwenguva refu mubhadharo yemitero zvinopfuura kukanganisa kuwedzerwa kwekukwereta kwemitero. Ndiyo apo mavheti anofungidzira kumashure. Iri ndiro chikamu chakasvibiswa pane chati, iyo Laffer inoshevedza "Inorambidzwa Range." Kunze kwechinhu ichi, kuwedzera mitero kunokonzera kuderedzwa kwemari yehurumende.
Pamusoro pemakumbo, kana mutero wehuwandu ari 100 muzana, hurumende inowana zero. Kana hurumende inotora mari yose yemari uye bhizinesi rekubatsira, saka hakuna munhu anoshanda kana kuti anogadzira zvinhu. Izvi zvinoguma nekuparara kwebhasiro yemitero.
Kudai Upenyu Hwakanga Hwakanga Hwakanga Hwakangoita Rakanaka Rave
Chii chinoshaikwa kubva pane chati? Numeri! Mune mamwe mazwi, iyo chaiyo yekutengesa mitero uye yezana inowedzera mumari inokonzerwa. Kana Laffer akaisa nhamba pamufananidzo, hurumende inogona kuti, "Hmm, ngatiterei kutengesa mutero kubva pamapfumbamwe kusvika ku25 muzana kuwana 2 muzana kuwedzera mumutero wemitero." Kana iwe ukatarisa chati, zvinoratidzika sekuti "Zvinodzivirira Range" inotanga pa inenge 50 kubva muzana mutero. Kana izvozvo zvaive zvakadaro, chati yacho ingadai isingabatsiri nhasi. Sei? Hurumende yehurumende haina kubhadhara mumwe munhu pamapato makumi mashanu (kana kupfuura) kubvira muna 1986. (Chinyorwa: "Historical Tax Rates," Tax Foundation.)
Laffer akadzivisa kuva yakananga. Pasinei nokuti kutengesa mutero kunosimudzira hupfumi (kwauri pave pfupi) kunobva pane zvitanhatu:
1. Mhando yemitero inzvimbo.
2. Kukurumidza kwehupfumi huri kuwedzera.
3. Mitero yakakwirira yakave iko.
4. Mutero wemitero .
5. Kusununguka kwekupindira mune zvisiri pamitero, mabasa pasi pevhu.
6. Kubudirira kwehupfumi.
Chero chimwe chezvinhu izvi chinogona kudzivirira kutengesa mutero kubva pakusimudzira hupfumi hwehupfumi.
Kutora Mitero Kunoshanda chete Mukudzivisa Range
Mitsara yemitero inoshanda mu "Zvinodzivirira Range" nokuwedzera kushandiswa kwevatengi uye kuda. Inokurudzira kuwedzera kwebhizimisi nekubhadhara. Izvi zvinokonzera kuwedzera kwemari yehurumende munguva refu. Izvozvo ndezvokuti mamiriro emari emutero akacheka kunze kwechikonzero che arithmetic. Laffer inotaura nezvechimwe chikomborero chekutsvaga kwekukurumidza. Inobatsira kuderedza kushandiswa kwehurumende pamusana pokushaya mabasa uye mamwe mapurogiramu emagariro evanhu.
Kuderedza mitero kunze kwe "Chibvumirano Range" asi hachikusimudzire hupfumi zvakakwana kubvisa mari shoma. Muzvokwadi, kutengesa mutero panguva yekuderera kana nguva yekukura zvishoma kunokuvadza hupfumi. Munguva yekudzoka, hurumende-inobhadhara mari yekusabatsirana kwebasa, hurongwa hwehutano hwevanhu uye mabasa ekusimudzira hupfumi zvakakwana kuti urege kuisa mune kuora mwoyo .
Kana zvikwereti zvisingakwanisi kunyanya kupfurikidza nekucheka kwemitero, kudai madonhwe uye mabhizinesi anotambura nevatengi vashoma.
Kushanda, Kutora Mitero Kunofanira Kutungamirira KuMabasa Akawanda
The Laffer Curve inofunga kuti makambani achabvuma kuwedzera mari kubva kumitengo yemitero kuburikidza nekuita mabasa. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvakabuda kubvira muna 2008 matambudziko emari , izvo zvakaratidza izvi hazvisi nguva dzose dzechokwadi. Mabhizimisi aisashandisa mari kubva kumatare emitero yeBush uye TARP bhailouts kuita mabasa . Pane kudaro, vakazvigadzirisa, vakazvitumira kune vashandi sezvikamu, vachidzikinura matanda avo kana kuiswa kune dzimwe nyika. Hapana chimwe chezvinhu izvi chakaita basa reUnited States rinodiwa kuti ripe hupfumi hweRawffer hwakatsanangurwa.
Uyewo, hupfumi huve huri hukuru -uye teknolojia-yakawanda uye kushanda kwakanyanya kushanda. Saka, mabhizimisi ane ruzivo rwekushandisa zvikwereti zvemitero kutenga makombiyuta uye mamwe maitiro ekuchengetedza kushanda pane kuhaya vashandi vatsva.
Mhedziso
Dr. Laffer anobvuma kuti "The Laffer Curve pachayo haitauri kana mutero wecheka uchasimudza kana kuti udzikise mari." Pane kudaro, zvinoratidza kuti kana mitero ichinge yakaderera, uye zvishoma nezvishoma kuderedza kunoderedza kuwanikwa pasina kuwedzera kukura. Vanyori vezvematongerwo enyika vanoti mitero yakabhadhara nguva dzose inokwidza mari muhurefu kwenguva refu inotsanangurira Rakanaka Curve.
Somuenzaniso, Mutungamiri Bush akatema mutero muna 2001 ( JGTRRA ) uye 2003 ( EGTRRA ). Upfumi huri kukura, uye mari inowedzera. Kudyidzana-kutengesa, kusanganisira mutungamiriri wehurumende, vakati izvi zvaive nekuda kwekutengesa mutero. Imwe nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika inoratidza kuti kuderera kwechirwere chechibereko semhepo chaiyo inokurudzira hupfumi. IFOMC yakaderedza mari yeFed Funds kubva pa6 muzana kutanga kwe1200 kusvika kune yakaderera 1 kubva muzana munaJune 2003. (Chinyorwa: "Historical Fed Fund Fund," New York Federal Reserve.)