Is Mercantilism Inokurumidza Here?
Mu mercantilism, hurumende inosimbisa vadzidzisi vega vezvinhu zvekugadzirwa .
Izvo zvinhu zvina ndezvekushambadzira, hupfumi , zvisikwa , uye basa . Inosimbisa hukama huripo, hupo huripo husina mutero, uye zvipo zvepurogiramu kunakidzwa nemabhizimisi. Inokonzera kutengesa kwezvinhu zvakatengeswa. Inorambidzawo kubuda kwevanhu vane unyanzvi, basa guru, uye zvigadzirwa. Hazvibvumiri chero chinhu chinogona kubatsira makambani ekune imwe nyika.
Mukudzoka, mabhizinesi anoisa pfuma kubva kune dzimwe nyika kuwedzera kune hurumende dzavo. Mitero yayo inobhadhara kuwedzera kukura kwenyika uye simba rezvematongerwo enyika.
Nhoroondo
Mercantilism ndiyo yaiva yakakurumbira muEurope pakati pe1500 ne1800. Nyika dzose dzaida kutengesa kupfuura zvavakatumira. Mukudzoka, vakagamuchira goridhe. Yakaponesa kushanduka kwemarudzi-nyika kubva mumadota ezvinyengeri. Holland, France, Spain, neEngland zvakakwikwidzana nehupfumi nehondo. Idzi nyika dzakagadzira mashizha emabasa uye mauto ane simba.
Vasati vadaro, vanhu vakatarisa kuguta ravo rekugara, umambo, kana kunyange chitendero.
Murairo mumwe nomumwe akabhadhara mutero wayo pane chero zvinhu zvaipfuura nepakati pemiganhu yayo. Rudzi-nyika yakatanga muna 1658 neChipatano cheWestphalia. Yakapera makore makumi matatu emakore pakati peMambo Mutsvene weRoma uye mapoka akasiyana-siyana eGermany.
Kuuya kwehupfumi uye hutungamiri hwematongerwo enyika zvakagadzirisa danho re mercantilism.
Vakasimbisa kudiwa kwehurumende yekuzvitonga kudzivirira kodzero dzebhizimisi. Vatengesi vakatsigira hurumende dzehurumende kuti dzibatsire kurova vakwikwidzi vedzimwe nyika. Mumwe muenzaniso ndeweBritish East India Company. Yakakunda machinda eIndia pamwe nema 260 000 mamenarija. Zvadaro zvakapamba pfuma yavo. Hurumende yeBritain yakachengetedza zvido zvekambani. Nhengo dzakawanda dzeParamende dzine zvigadzirwa mukambani. Somugumisiro, kukunda kwaro kwakapinza matanda avo.
Mercantilism yakatsigirwa nekolonialism. Hurumende ingashandisa simba rechiuto kukurira dzimwe nyika. Mabhizimisi aizoshandisa zvisikwa uye zvevanhu. Nharo idzi dzakawedzera huwandu hwekuwedzera huchibatsira vose vatengesi nenyika.
Mercantilism zvakare akashanda ruoko-mu-ruoko nemutambo wegoridhe . Nyika dzakabhadharana mugoridhe kune dzimwe nyika. Marudzi ane goridhe yakawanda akanga ari akapfuma kwazvo. Vaizokwanisa kubhadhara madhenari uye vaongorori kuti vawedzere umambo hwavo. Vaibhadharawo hondo dzichirwisana nemamwe marudzi aida kuvashandisa. Somugumisiro, nyika dzose dzaida mari yekushandira panzvimbo pokurasikirwa.
Mercantilism yakavimba nekutumira. Kudzora kwemvura yenyika kwaikosha kune zvido zvenyika. Nyika dzakasimbiswa nevatengesi vemabhiza akasimba.
Vakapa mitero yakakwirira yepamhenderekedzo kune dzimwe nyika ngarava. Englandani yaida kuti zvose zvebhizimisi zviitwe mumidziyo yayo.
Kuguma kweMercantilism
Demokarasi uye kutengeserana kusununguka kwakaparadza mercantilism muma1900. Kubudirira kweAmerica neFrance kwakaumbwa marudzi makuru anotongwa nehurumende. Vakatsigira hurumende.
Adhamu Smith akapedza mercantilism ne 1776 bhuku ra "The Wealth of Nations." Akakakavadzana kuti kutengeserana kunze kwenyika kusimbisa hupfumi hwemaviri ose. Nyika imwe neimwe inonyanya kukoshesa pane zvayo inobereka zvakanakisisa, ichipa kuenzanisa kunobatsira. Akatsanangura zvakare kuti hurumende inoisa bhizimisi mberi kwevanhu vayo haingagari. Smith's laissez-faire capitalism yakaenderana nekusimudzirwa kwema demokarasi muUnited States neEurope.
Muna 1791, mercantilism yakanga ichiderera, asi kutengeserana kwekusununguka kwakanga kusati kwatanga.
Nyika dzakawanda dzichiri kutonga kutengeserana kusununguka kuwedzera kukura kwekumba. US Treasury Munyori Alexander Hamilton aitsigira mercantilism. Akatsigira hurumende rubatsiro rwekuchengetedza makambani emucheche anodiwa kuti nyika inakidzwe. Makambani aya aida rubatsiro rwehurumende kusvikira vakasimba zvakakwana kudzivirira ivo pachavo. Hamilton aidawo kutengesa zvigadziriswa kuti kuderedze makwikwi munzvimbo idzi.
Fascism uye hutongi hutsika hwakagamuchira mercantilism muma1930 ne1940s. Mushure mekunge kukanganisa kwemusika wekutengeswa kwegore ra1929, nyika dzakashandisa kuchengetedza kuchengetedza mabasa. Vakapindura kuGreat Depression nemitengo. Yegore ra1930 Smoot-Hawley Act yakarova 40-48 muzana yemari yekutengeswa kwezvinhu 900. Apo dzimwe nyika dzakadzorera, kutengeserana kwenyika yose kwakawira 65 muzana, kuwedzeredza kuora mwoyo .
The Rise of Neomercantilism
Hondo yeHondo Yenyika II yaityisa nyika dzeAllied dzichida kubatana kwepasi rese. Vakasimbisa Bhizinesi reNyika , United Nations , uye World Trade Organization . Vakaona mercantilism sechinhu chakaipa, uye kudyidzana kwepasi pose sekuponeswa kwayo.
Asi mamwe marudzi haana kubvumirana. Soviet Union neChina zvakaramba zvichikurudzira nzira ye mercantilism. Mhedzisiro huru ndeyokuti zhinji dzebhizimisi dzavo dzaiva nehurumende. Nokufamba kwenguva, vakatengesa makambani akawanda ehurumende kune vadzidzisi vega. Izvi zvakaita kuti nyika idzi dziwedzere mercantilist.
Neomercantilism inofananidzwa zvakanaka nehurumende dzavo dzevaKomonisiti . Vaivimba nedzimwe nyika-yakarongedzwa hutungamiri hwehupfumi . Izvo zvakavabvumira kutonga kutengeserana kunze kwenyika. Vakatarisawo mari yavo yekubhadhara uye zvinyorwa zvekunze . Vatungamiri vavo vakasarudza magetsi ekusimudzira. Vakabatanidzwa muhondo dzemari kuti vape mabhizimisi avo ekuderedza simba rekutengesa. Semuenzaniso, China yakatenga US Treasurys kuti ishandise hutengesero wayo neUnited States. Somugumisiro, China yakava guru guru kune imwe nyika muridzi weUnited States .
China neRussia vakaronga kuti kukura kwehupfumi nokukurumidza. Vane simba rakawanda rezvemari, vaizowedzera simba ravo rezvematongerwo enyika pasi pose.
Zvinoreva Nhasi
Mercantilism yakaisa nheyo yekusarura kwemazuva ano nekudzivirira. Marudzi akafunga kuti akarasikirwa nesimba kuburikidza nekudengenyeka kwenyika uye kusabatana kwekutengeserana pachena.
The Great Recession yakagadzirisa tsika yekuita mercantilism munyika dzenyika. Somuenzaniso, muna 2014, India yakasarudzwa muHindu wenyika Narendra Modi. Muna 2016, United States yakazvitsaurira gurukota raDonald Trump rehurumende. Mitemo yeTump inotevera nzira ye neo-mercantilism.
Trump inokurudzira mazano ekuwedzera emari , zvakadai sekucheka kwemitero , kubatsira mabhizinesi. Anotaurirana nezvematongerwo enyika anotengeserana ari pakati penyika mbiri. Kana aigona, aizosimbisa zvibvumirano zveunilateral . Vanobvumira rudzi rune simba kukumanikidza rudzi rwakakundikana kutora mitemo yebhizimisi inofarira iyo. Trump inobvuma kuti zvibvumirano zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira zvikwereti pazvinoshandiswa kune dzimwe nyika. Izvo zvose zviratidzo zvehupfumi hwehupfumi uye mercantilism.
Mercantilism inopesana nekupinda kune dzimwe nyika nekuti inotora mabasa kure nevashandi vekumba. Trump's immigration policies yakatevera mercantilism. Somuenzaniso, akapikira kuvaka rusvingo pamuganhu neMexico .
Muna 2018, mercantilist mitemo muUnited States uye China yakatanga hondo yebhizimisi . Nhengo mbiri idzi dzakatyisidzira kuwedzera mitengo kune imwe neimwe inotengeswa . Trump inoda China kuzarura misika yayo yepamusha kumakambani eSU. China inoda kuti vashandise teknolojia yavo kumakambani eChina.
Trump inodawo kuguma kune dzimwe rubatsiro rweChinese. China iri kubatsira 10 makambani emabhizimisi anotarisirwa mu "Made in China 2025" chirongwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira robotics, aerospace, uye software. China inorongawo kuti ive nheyo huru yenyika yekuongorora mashandisirwo akaitwa 2030.
China iri kuita izvi sechikamu chekuchinja kwayo kwezvemari . Inoda kuchinja kubva kuhuwandu hwehupfumi hwemutungamiri hunovimba nekutengeserana. Icho chinoziva kuti inoda hupfumi hwakakanganiswa hupfumi . Asi haina zvirongwa zvekusiya kubvumirwa kwayo kwe mercantilism.