Nzira Nomwe Central Central Banks Dzinoshandiswa kune dzimwe nyika
Nzira yezvekune dzimwe nyika kushandiswa inoshandisa basa
Vatengi vemunyika yacho vanoisa mari yekunze mumabhanga avo. Vanotumira mari yacho kumabhandi makuru.
Vanotengesa kunze vanobhadharwa nevashandisi vavo vekutengesa mu US dollars , euro , kana mamwe mari. Vakatengesi vanovashandura kune mari yemunharaunda. Vanoshandisa iyo kubhadhara vashandi vavo uye vatengesi vemunharaunda.
Mabhenji anosarudza kushandisa mari kuti atenge chikwereti chakakosha nokuti inobhadhara chikwereti chiduku. Inonyanya kuzikanwa ndeyebhadharo yemari . Izvi ndizvo zvinoreva kuti kutengeserana kune dzimwe nyika kunowanikwa muDhora reAmerica. Izvozvo ndezvekuita kwaro sehuwandu hwepasi rose mari .
Mabhangi ari kuwedzera kubata kwavo kweEuro-mahedheni ane zvinhu, zvakadai sehupamhi hwehutano hwekambani . Izvo zvakaramba zvichiri pasinei nedambudziko reEurozone . Vachabatawo goridhe uye kodzero dzekudhira. Imari yechitatu ndeyepi zvingachengetedzwa zvikwereti zvavakachengetedza neInternet Monetary Fund .
Chinangwa
Kune dzimwe nzira nhanhatu mabhandi makuru anoshandiswa kune dzimwe nyika.
Chokutanga, nyika dzinoshandisa dzimba dzekunze kune imwe nyika kuti dzichengetedze kukosha kwemari yavo pane imwe nguva yakatarwa .
Muenzaniso wakanaka ndiChina , iyo inoshongedza kukosha kwerudzi rwayo, yuan , kusvika kudola. Apo China inobvisa mari, inomutsa dhora rinokosha richifananidzwa neya yuan. Izvo zvinoita kuti Chinese zvinyorwa zvidhura zvishoma kudarika zvigadzirwa zveAmerica, kuwedzera kutengesa.
Chechipiri, avo vane shanduko dzinoshandiswa pakuchinjana kwemashonga vanoshandiswa kuchengetedza kuchengetedza kukosha kwebhadharo yavo kudarika dhora.
Vanoita izvi nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakafanana neavo vane zvakagadziriswa maitiro. Kunyange zvazvo mari yeJapan , yen, inotenderera, Central Bank yeJapan inotenga US Treasury kuchengetedza kukosha kwayo kuderera kudarika dollar. Kufanana neChina, izvi zvinoramba zvichitengeserana neJapan zvishoma, zvichiita zvekutengeserana uye hupfumi hwehupfumi . Mari iyo yakatengeserana inowanikwa mumusika wekutengesa kune imwe nyika .
Chechitatu, uye chinotyisa, basa nderokuchengetedza kusununguka kana kune dambudziko rezvemari. Somuenzaniso, mafashamo kana kuputika kwegomo zvinogona kusimudzira kwenguva pfupi kukwanisa kwevatengesi vemunyika kuti vawane zvinhu. Izvozvo zvinoderedza kubhadhara mari yavo kune dzimwe nyika kuti vabhadhara mari inotengeswa. Mukudaro, bhandi guru rinogona kuchinjana mari yekunze kwekunze kwemari yavo, zvichiita kuti vabhadhara uye vagamuchire kutengeswa.
Saizvozvowo, vatengesi vemunyika dzenyika vanozobviswa kana nyika ine hondo, hondo dzechiuto, kana zvimwe zvinetso zvekuvimba. Vanobvisa mari yavo kubva kumahombekombe enyika, zvichiita kushaya kwakanyanya mune mari yekunze. Izvi zvinoderedza huwandu hwenyika yemunharaunda sezvo vashomanana vanochida. Izvozvo zvinoita kuti zvinotengeswa zvinodhura zvakanyanya, zvichigadzira kuwedzera kwezvinhu .
Bhizimusi rekushandisa rinopa mari yekunze kuchengetedza misika. Inotengawo mari yemunharaunda kuti ishandise kukosha kwayo uye kudzivirira kutengesa.
Izvi zvinosimbisa vatengesi vedzimwe nyika, vanozodzokera kuhupfumi.
Chikonzero chechina ndechokupa kuvimba. Bhizimusi guru rinotsigira vatengesi vemamwe nyika kuti rakagadzirira kutora matanho ekudzivirira masimba avo. Ichadzivirirawo kutiza kwechimbichimbi kunzvimbo yakachengeteka uye kurasikirwa kwemari yenyika. Nenzira iyo, nzvimbo yakasimba mumari yekunze kwekunze inogona kudzivisa dambudziko rezvemari rinokonzerwa kana chiitiko chinokonzera kutiza kune kuchengeteka.
Chechipiri, kuchengetedzwa nguva dzose kunodiwa nguva dzose kuti ive nechokwadi chokuti nyika ichasangana nemitemo yayo yekunze. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvikwereti zvekubhadhara munyika, kusanganisira zvikwereti zvepamusoro uye zvekutengesa. Zvinosanganisirawo mari yekuendesa kune dzimwe nyika uye kukwanisa kuunganidza chero zvisingatarisirwi kushandiswa kwemari.
Chechitanhatu, dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa dzimba dzavo kuchengetedza zvikamu, zvakadai sedzivakoji. China, somuenzaniso, yakashandisa chikamu chekuchengetedzwa kwayo kwekuchengetedzwa kwekugadzirisa mamwe mabhizimisi ehurumende.
Chechipiri, mabhanki makuru aripo anoda kukurudzira kudzoka pasina kukanganisa kuchengeteka. Vanoziva nzira yakanakisisa yekuita iyo ndeyekusiyanisa zvikwata zvavo . Ndicho chikonzero ivo vanowanzotora goridhe uye zvimwe zvakachengeteka, kutakura mashizha.
Mirayiridzo
Ndezvipi zvakakwana zvakachengetedzwa? Pachine zvishoma, nyika dzine zvakakwana kubhadhara kwemwedzi mitanhatu kusvika kumatanhatu yekutengeswa kwenyika. Izvozvo zvinodzivirira kuperevedza kwezvokudya, somuenzaniso.
Imwe nzira inotungamirirwa ndeyekuwana zvakakwana kuvhara chikwereti chenyika yekodzero uye kukanganisa kwekambani kwemazana gumi nemaviri anotevera. Muna 2015, Greece haina kukwanisa kuita izvi. Iyo yakashandisa zvayo mairi ne IMF kuita chikwereti chekubhadhara kuEuropean Central Bank. Iko chikwereti chikuru chehurumende yeGreek chakabatwa chakaita kuti pave nedambudziko rechikwereti rechiGiriki .
By Country
Nyika dzine huru dzakawanda dzekutengeserana ndezvenzvimbo dzakakura zvikuru dzekuchengetedza. Izvi ndezvekuti vanosimudza mari yekuunganidza madhora nokuti vanotengesa zvakawanda kupfuura zvavanotumira. Vanogamuchira madhora vachibhadhara.
Heino nyika dzakachengetedzwa dzinopfuura $ 100 mabhiriyoni kubva munaDisemba 2017:
| Nyika | Reserves (mumabhiriyoni) | Zvokutengeserana |
|---|---|---|
| China | $ 3,194.0 | Zvigadzirwa zvevatengi, zvikamu. |
| Japani | $ 1,233.0 (2016) | Auto, zvikamu, mutengi wemiti. |
| European Union | $ 740.9 (2014) | Mashini, zvigadzirwa, autos. |
| Siwizarendi | $ 679.3 (2016) | Matambudziko emari. |
| Saudhi Arabhiya | $ 509.0 | Mafuta. Kukuvadza nematengo akaderera. |
| Taiwan | $ 468.1 | Mashini, magetsi. |
| Rashiya | $ 418.5 | Gasi chaiwo, mafuta. Kukuvadzwa nemitemo |
| India | $ 407.2 | Tech, kubuda kunze |
| Hong Kong | $ 328.5 | Mashini yemagetsi, nguo. |
| Bhuraziri | $ 377.1 | Mafuta, zvinhu. |
| Chammhembe Koria | $ 374.8 | Electronics. |
| Singapowo | $ 266.3 | Muterevhizheni wemagetsi, tech. |
| Tairendi | $ 193.5 | Electronics, zvokudya. |
| Mekisiko | $ 189.2 | Mafuta. Kukuvadza nematengo akaderera. |
| Jerimani | $ 185.3 (2016) | Autos. |
| Czech Republic | $ 161.0 | Autos, magetsi. |
| Furanzi | $ 146.8 (2016) | Mashini, ndege. |
| Itari | $ 136.0 (2016) | Engineered products, apparel |
| United Kingdom | $ 135.0 (2016) | Zvinhu zvakagadzirwa, makemikari. |
| Iran | $ 135.5 | Mafuta anokonzerwa nuclear yenyu. |
| Indonezhiya | $ 106.5 | Mafuta, mafuta omuchindwe. |
| nyika dzakabatana | $ 117.6 (2016) | Ndege, makambani emabhizimisi. |
| Porendi | $ 115.0 | Machini, simbi, uye simbi. |
| Izirayeri | $ 133.0 | Aviation, high tech. |
| Teki | $ 107.5 | Auto, zvipfeko. |
(Kubva: "eLibrary Data," IMF. "Zvinyorwa zvekune imwe nyika Mari neGoridhe," CIA World Factbook. "Nyika Inotengeswa," CIA World Factbook.)
Mukudzika: Nzira Nhatu dzekuyera kukosha kweDorlar | Kukosha Kwemari | Nhasi Dollar Value | Simba re US Dollar | Euro kuDollar Conversion | Iyo Hurumende Inotonga Sei Mitengo Yekutengesa