Yuchumi yeJapan: Abenomics, Recession uye Zvakaitika muUnited States Economy

7 Zviratidzo zveEconomism yeJapan

Upfumi hweJapan hwakabudisa $ 5.4 trillion muna 2017, zvichienzaniswa nekutenga simba parity . Izvo zvinoita kuti ive yechishanu yepasi rese hupfumi hukuru pashure peChina , European Union , United States neIndia . Haisi pazvikamu zvakakwira, nokuti yakangowedzera 1.5 muzana chete.

Japan ine vanhu mamiriyoni 27. GDP yayo per capita inokwana $ 42,700, kana kuti 41 pasi rose. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mararamiro ayo ehupenyu akaderera kupfuura United States kana EU, asi akakwirira kudarika China kana South Korea.

IJapan ine hupfumi hwakakanganiswa huchibva kune hutungamiri hwehurumende , kunyange zvazvo hurumende yayo inoshanda zvikuru pamwe nemabhizimusi. Kutaura zvazviri, nzvimbo yepamusoro yebhangi inoshandisa zvikamu 18 muzana yenyika yakawanda inogadzirwa . Inosvika kumativi ose ehurumende inokwereta.

Kukuru kwekuJapan kunotengeswa motokari, michina yesimbi, uye semiconductors. Zvinyorwa zvaro zvakakosha ndeyeiri uye mvura inokonzerwa negasi.

Abenomics

Musi waDecember 26, 2012, Shinzo Abe akava gurukota rekuJapan rwechipiri. Nguva yake yokutanga yaive muna 2006 kusvika muna 2007. Akakunda muna 2012 nekupikira kuchinja kwehupfumi kuzunungusa nyika kunze kwemakore makumi maviri emakore.

" Abenomics " ine zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru, zvinonzi "miseve mitatu."

Chokutanga, Abe vakarayirwa Bhengi reJapan kuti vatange mitemo yakawanda yemari kuburikidza nehuwandu hwekugadzirisa . Izvo zvakaderedza kukosha kwe yen kubva $ $013 muna 2012 kusvika $ .0083 naMay 2013. Izvo zvinoratidzwa maererano nehuwandu hwedhora , iyo yakasimuka kubva pa 76.88 yen kusvika 120.18 yen.

(Imwe: "Japan paBrink," The Wall Street Journal, November 19, 2014.)

Kuita yen yekutengesa kunofanira kuwedzera kutengeswa kwenyika. Mari dzavo dzinodonhedzwa mumitemo yemadhora, zvichiita kuti dzikwikwidzwe zvakanyanya. Asi makambani eJapan haana kuwedzera kutengeserana sezvakatarirwa. Mamwe makambani haana kubvisa mari dzavo dzekunze.

Vakakanda pfuma panzvimbo yacho. Vamwe vakanga vatotenga mafekitari kunze kwenzvimbo dzakaderera, saka kuyerwa kwezvinhu kwakasabatsira. Kunyange zvakadaro vamwe havana kubatsirwa nokuti vakanga vatamira kushambadzira mumisika yavo, yakadai seToyota kuenda kuUnited States.

Ikuderedza kunokonzera bhizimisi reJapan maererano nekutengeswa. Mari yavo yakasimuka. Yakakuvadza vatengi, avo vaifanira kubhadhara zvimwe zvekutengeswa. (Chinobva: "Yakatengeswa kuJapan Volume Falls Pasinei Newe Weak Yen," The Wall Street Journal, December 17, 2014. )

Chechipiri, Abe vakaisa mutemo wemari . Akawedzera zvivako zvekushandisa mari. Akavimbisa kubvisa kukwira kweJapan 225 muzana chikwereti-ku-GDP chidimbu ne 10 muzana mutero wevatengi muna 2014. Mutero wevatengi wakadzorerwa. Izvozvo zvakadzoka zvishoma nezvekugadzirisa hupfumi.

Muna 2016, akapedza imwe $ 276 mabhiriyoni. Kubva ipapo, $ 202 mabhiriyoni aiva mapurogiramu emari yehurumende. Vamwe vose vakaenda kunzvimbo yekuvaka zvivako. Icho chinosanganisira kuvaka kwemagetsi magetsi. (Chinobva: "Y $ 276 Billion Stimulus Plan Yakakura Kudarika Inotarisa," CNN Money, 2 August, 2016. "Japan Inoparidzira Zvimwe Zvinokonzerwa Nesimba seMari," The New York Times, August 2, 2016.))

Chechitatu, Abe vakavimbisa hurongwa hwehutano. Akavimbisa kuongorora mitambo yekurima yeJapan.

Akati aizoderedza mitengo uye awedzere mapurisa akawanda. Izvozvo zvinomupikisana nemasimba ane simba ekubika. Asi muna 2015 Central Union yeCulture Cooperatives (JA-Zenchu) yakabvuma kuderedza simba rayo pamusoro pevarimi. Iko kunobvumira hurumende kukurudzira nzira dzakanaka dzekugadzira. Abe vakabatanidzwa muTrans-Pacific Partnership . (Chinyorwa: "The Third Arrow Finds Its Mark," The Wall Street Journal, February 11, 2015. "Maitiro eEconomie eJapan Akazviisa Pamwe Kudya," Japan Times , December 25, 2014.)

Zviratidzo Zvinomwe zveUkodzero yeUkodzero

Izvi zvinotevera zvinomwe zvinoita kuti Japan iwedzere kukura. Abe vanofanira kutarisana nematambudziko aya kuti vadzore kukura.

1. Keiretsu ihwo hukama hwakagadzikana huri pakati pevashambadziri, vatengesi uye vaparidzi. Izvi zvinobvumira muzvigadziri - simba rekuita semhepo kuti richengetedze kutengesa . Izvo zvinoderedzawo kukanganisa kwemasimba emisika. Vatsva, vashandi vezvemabhizimisi matsva havagoni kukwikwidzana nemadhorobha madhorobha. Izvo zvinoderedzawo kudyirwa kwekunze kune dzimwe nyika nekuda kwechikonzero chakafanana.

1. Basa rakavimbiswa remabasa ehupenyu raireva kuti makambani akarovedzwa kojiji vashandi vakagara kusvikira pavakasiya basa. Ikuderera kwaiita kuti urongwa uhwu husabatsire. Pakazosvika gore ra2014, 8,8 muzana chete emakambani eJapan akazvipa. Asi vamiriyoni 25 vashandi 45 kusvika ku65 vasati vachishanda pasi pegadziriro. Vakawanda vakambogadzira unyanzvi uye vari kungoenda kunze kusvikira vasara. Izvo zvinotakura kukwikwidzana kwekambani nekukwanisa kubudirira kuburikidza nekusimudza mubayiro wevashandi ava.
2. Vanhu vanokwegura zvinoreva kuti nyika inofanira kubhadhara mari yakawanda yekubvisa mari pane iyo inogamuchira mumitero inoshandiswa kubva kune vanhu vanoita basa. Inoshandira vashandi venguva duku kubva kunyika dzakaswedera kuSouth Asia asi haigamuchiri vatorwa. Izvozvo zvinoderedza kushandiswa kwevatengi. (Kubva: "Kufanotaura kweJapan: Kukundikana Kwekugadzirisa," Stratfor Worldview, September 30, 2015.)
3. I yen inotengesa mabhizimisi inokonzerwa neveJapan inotora chikwereti . Vashandi vanobhadhara mari muYin-Yei inodhura uye vanoiisa mumari yepamusoro-kubhadhara, yakadai sedhora reAmerica. Ndicho chikonzero chekuti kukosha kwechiroro kwakakwira 15 muzana muna 2014. A yen yepasi inowanzowedzera mutengo wezvinhu zvinotengeswa, zvichikonzera kutengesa kwezvinhu. Asi kukosha kwemafuta emafuta muna 2014 kwaireva BHOJ yaisafanira kushungurudzika nezvekuwedzera kwezvinhu, uye inogona kuchengeta mitengo yakadzika.
4. Chikwata cheJapan chakakura-kusvika-GDP chirevo chinoreva kuti Japan inodarika kaviri kupfuura iyo inogadzira gore negore. Muridzi mukuru wekwereti yake ndeyeBhange reJapan. Izvozvo zvakabvumira nyika kuti irambe ichipedza pasina kushushikana pamusoro pemari yepamusoro inotarisirwa nevakakwereta.
5. IJapan kwenguva pfupi yakave yakakura pane imwe chikwereti cheUnited States muna 2015 uyezve muna 2017. Japan inoita izvi kuchengetedza yen yenheyo kudarika dollar kuti iwedzere kutengesa kwayo.
6. Nhamba yepamusoro yevatengesi vemitengo yenyika ndeyekuti Japan ine imwe chete yechitatu yeminda yakawanda yakawanda pamunhu wese seChina.

Imakore Yakarasika eJapan

MunaJanuary 1990, misika yemuJapan yakaparara. Imitengo yehupfumi yakawa 87 muzana. Bhenji reJapan rakarwa zvakare. Yakaderedza chikamu chekuda kubva kubva muzana kusvika ku5,5 kubva muna 1995. Haina kudzorerazve hupfumi nokuti vanhu vakange vakwereta zvakawanda kuti vatengese dzimba munguva ye bubble. Vakashandisa zvakaderera pamitengo yakaderera kugadzirisa chikwereti chakare. Havana kukwereta kutenga mamwe. (Inobva: "Japan Interest Rates," Federal Reserve Bank yeSt. Louis.)

Hurumende yakaedza mitemo yemari. Yakapedza mumigwagwa mikuru uye zvimwe zvivakoti. Izvo zvakagadzira chikwereti chikuru-ku-GDP chiyero. (Kubva: "Kuisa makore gumi akarasika muJapan muPfungwa," NPR, February 24, 2009.)

Pakazosvika gore ra2005, makambani akanga agadzirisa mashizha ayo. Muna 2007, hupfumi hweJapan hwakatanga kuvandudza. Yakanga yakasimwa 2.1 muzana muna 2007, uye 3.2 muzana muna Q1 2008, zvichiita kuti vakawanda vatende kuti yakanga yapera kubva mumakore makumi maviri.

Dambudziko rezvemari ra2008 rakatumira GDP kukura kuwedzera 12,9 muzana mugore rechina. Icho chakanga chichiderera zvikuru kubvira muna 1974 kutengesa. Kuparara kwekuJapan kwezvemari kwakashamisa, sezvo Q3 kukura kwaingova pasi pasi 0.1%, zvichienderana nekuderera kwe4,5 muzana muna Q2 2008 . Kupera kwakanyanya kwaiva mugumisiro wekutsvaga kutengesa kunze kwekutengesa magetsi uye kutengesa motokari. Icho chikamu chaive nemapato makumi mapfumbamwe nematanhatu emari yeJapan. Yakanga iri simba rekufambisa rinotsigira rumutsiriro rwezvemupfumi wenyika kubva muna 2002 kusvika muna 2008.

Kudengenyeka kwenyika, tsunami uye Fukushima Njodzi Impact

Musi waMarch 11, 2011, Japan rakave nekudengenyeka kwenyika 9.0 . Yakagadzira tsunami yakaita mamita zana yakazara nenyasi yemagetsi enyukireya yeFukushima. Izvo zvakaitika sezvakaitwa nehupfumi hweJapan kubva kuHarare Recession. Muna 2010, GDP yakawedzera nehutano 3 muzana. Iko ndiko kukura kunokurumidza mumakore makumi maviri.

Japan rakarasikirwa nehuwandu hwemagetsi ayo apo yakavhara pasi rose zvese zvigadziriswe emagetsi enyukireya mushure mekudengenyeka kwenyika. Upfumi huchikanda 0.5 muzana muna 2011 sezvo kushandiswa kwakaderera nekuda kwedambudziko.

Iyo Inoshusha Sei Mari yeUnited States

Bhengi reJapan rakanga rave riri guru pane imwe nyika yekwereta yeUnited States kusvikira China yakatsiva iyo muna 2008. Yose Japan neChina vanoita izvi kutonga kukosha kwemari yavo maererano nedhora. Vanofanira kuchengetedza mairi avo kunze kwekukwikwidzana nemari. Asi urongwa uhwu hunokwereta chikwereti cheJapan kusvika 182 kubva muzana yeGDP yakawanikwa kunze kweAbenomics.

A low yen akaita Japan makambani emotokari yemakwikwi. Icho ndicho chikonzero chimwe chekuti Toyota yakava nhamba # 1 automaker munyika yose muna 2007. Asi kana bhanji guru reJapan rinosarudza kuti low yen haina kukurudzira kukura, uye mafuta emadhusi achikwira, zvino inogona kuita kuti yen isimbise kuderedza kudhura. Yaizotenga zvishomanana zvibvumirano zveHurumende . Izvozvo zvingabvumira zvibereko kuwedzera, uye kuwedzera chido chekuda kweUnited States.