Nzira Dzakaderera Nhamba Dzakadini Ita Mari Yakawanda Kwako
Inyanzvi yemari yekuwedzera inodzivisa chikamu chekudzivirira kwebhizimisi .
Asi zvakaoma kune vatsigiri vekugadzirisa izvi munguva. Somugumisiro, iwe unowanzoona huwandu hwekuwedzera hunoshandiswa mushure mekudarika kwematambudziko kwatanga.
Iyo Inoshanda Sei
Ngatishandise bhandi guru reUnited States, Federal Reserve , semuenzaniso. Nzvimbo inowanzoshandiswa yeFed inoshandiswa pamisika yemabasa . Ndiyo apo inotenga zvinyorwa zvePfuma kubva kumabanki ayo . Ndeipi iyo inowana mari yekuita izvi? Izvo zvinokonzerwa zvinokonzera chikwereti kunze kwemhepo ine chitete. Ndizvo zvinorehwa nevanhu pavanoti Fed ndiyo kudhinda mari .
Nokugadzirisa mari yeHauteng inowanikwa nekwereti mumabhangi emabhangi, Fed inovapa mari yakawanda yekukweretesa. Mabhanho anowedzera kukwereta kwemari, achiita zvikwereti zvemotokari, chikoro, uye dzimba dzinodhura mari. Vanowedzerawo kuderedza chikwereti chekwereti chechido . Zvose izvi zvikwereti zvinowedzera kushandiswa kwevatengi .
Kana zvikwereti zvebhizimisi zvisingakwanisi, makambani anokwanisa kuwedzera kuti arambe achitsvaka mutengi. Vanobhadhara vashandi vakawanda, avo vanobhadhara mari , vachivabvumira kutengesa zvimwe.
Izvo zvinowanzokwanisa kukurudzira zvinoda, uye kutungamira hupfumi hwehupfumi kusvika kune utano hwemazana 2-3 kubva muzana .
Sangano reWatch Open Market Committe rinogona kuderedzawo kudyidzana kwemari . Ndiyo mhanho emabhanji anotengesa mumwe kune mumwe kweusiku husiku huripo. Kudyara kunoda mabhangi kuchengetedza imwe yero yezvinyorwa zvavo munzvimbo yakachengeterwa kuhofisi yavo ye Federal Federal branch usiku humwe.
Iko mabhangi ane zvakawanda kupfuura zvavanoda achakweretesa mari yakawanda kune mabhengi asina chaanokwanira, achibhadhara mari yakadyiwa mari. Kana Dhesi ichideredza chinangwa chayo, inodhura mabanki kuti agadzire kuchengetedza kwavo, achivapa mari yakawanda yekukweretesa. Somugumisiro, mabhandi anogona kuderedza chido chekufarira icho chakatengesa vatengi vavo.
Iyo yeFed's tool tool is the discount discount . Ndiyo chikwata chekufarira chiFed chinokwereta mabhenji anokwereta kubva pahwindo rayo risati rapera . Zvisinei, mabhangi haamboshandisi firiji inodonhorera nokuti kune rusaruro huripo. Iko mari inoonekwa seye chikwereti chekupedzisira kusarudza. Mabhangi chete anoshandisa firitsi inodonhorera apo asingakwanisi kutenga zvikwereti kubva kune mamwe mabhengi. Mabhangi anotora maonero aya, kunyange zvazvo kutora kwekutsvaga kazhinji kunoderera kupfuura kudyidzana kwemari. Izvo Kuderedza kunoderedza kuderedzwa kwero kana iyo inoderedza kudyidzana kwemari mari.
Iko kunotambirwa kusingatomboshandisi kushandisa fouth yayo yezvigadziro, kuderedza kusachengetedzwa kunodiwa . Kunyange zvazvo izvi zvichikurumidza kuwedzera, zvinodawo mazano mazhinji matsva uye nzira dzebhengi nhengo. Zviri nyore nyore kuderedza mari yakadyiwa mari, uye inoshandawo. Munguva yezvinetso zvezvemari, Fed yakagadzira zvakawanda zvematongerwo emari mashandisirwo .
Expansionary Versus Contractionary Monetary Policy
Kana Fed yaisa mari yakawandisa mumabhengi ehurumende, ingozi inokonzera kutengesa kwezvinhu.
Ndiyo apo mutengo unokwira kudarika yeF Fed ye 2% inotengesa zvishoma . Iyo Dambudziko inogadzirisa chinangwa ichi kuti chikurudzire kudiwa kwehutano. Apo vatengi vanotarisira kuti matengo awedzere zvishoma nezvishoma, ivo vanowanzotenga zvakawanda zvino.
Dambudziko rinotanga apo kutengesa kwepamusoro kunokwira kudarika 2-3 muzana. Vatengi vanotanga kuchengetedza kuitira kuti vasapedza mitengo yakakwirira gare gare. Izvo zvinotya zvinoda kukurumidza, izvo zvinokonzera mabhizimisi kuti atange zvakawanda, nekubhadhara vashandi vakawanda. Izvo zvinowanikwa mari inobvumira vanhu kuti vashandise zvakawanda, vachikurudzira kudiwa kwakawanda.
Dzimwe nguva mabhizimisi anotanga kusimudza mitengo nokuti vanoziva kuti havagoni kubudisa zvakakwana. Dzimwe nguva, vanosimudza mutengo nokuti mari yavo inowedzera. Kana iyo midzi kunze kwekutonga, inogona kuumba hyperinflation . Ndiyo apo mitengo inokwira 50 muzana kana kupfuura mwedzi. Nokuda kwezvimwe, ona Mitemo yeZvirwere .
Kuvhara kutengesa, Fed inowedzera mabheki kuburikidza nekushandisa zvinopesana kana kuvhara mutemo wemari . Nhepfenyuro inosimudzira chibereko chekuda uye inotengesa kubata kwayo yePfuma uye zvimwe zvisungo. Izvozvo zvinoderedza mari inopa, inodzivisa kushandiswa kwemari uye inoita kuti kuwedzera kwehupfumi kuwedzere . Chinangwa cheFed ndechekuchengetedza kutengesa kwepamusoro pedo ne2% yezvinangwa panguva yekuchengetedza kusashanda kwepamusoro zvakare.
Zvishandiso Zvishandiso Zvakakunda Great Recession
Pasi peutungamiri veFederal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke , Fed yakagadzira sarfabheti soro yekuvandudza mari yekuwedzera mari yemari yekurwisana nematambudziko emari muna 2008 . Vaiva nzira dzose dzokupura mari yakawanda mune mari yemari. Imba yekutengeswa kwemasimba yakabvumira mabhengi kuti atengese mari yavo ye subprime-yakatsigirwa kuchengetedzwa kuFed. Mukubatana neDhipatimendi reMariki , Fed yakaipa Mutengo Wekuchengetedzwa Kwekuchengetedzwa Kwekuchengetedzwa Kwemari . Izvo zvakaitawo zvimwechete kune zvikwereti zvemari zvakabata subprime credit card chikwereti.
Mukupindura kumhanho yekuparadza pamari yemari yemari pamusi waSeptember 19, 2008, Fed yakagadzira Asset-Backed Commercial Paper Mutengo Wemari Mutengo Wemari. Iyi purogiramu yakabhadhara $ 122.8 mabhiriyoni kumabhengi ndokukweretesa mari yemari yemari. Muna Gumiguru, Fed yakagadzira Nzvimbo yekubhadharira mari yeMarike yeVashandi, iyo yakabhadhara pamari yemari pachavo pachavo.
Nhau dzakanaka ndeyokuti Fed yakagadzirisa nekukurumidza kuvhara mari yekugumburwa. Misika yekwereti yakanga yakaoma, uye pasina kupindura kwakasimba, zuva rimwe zuva mari iyo mabhizimisi anoshandisa kuramba achiita ingave yakaoma. Nhau dzakaipa ndeyekuti vanhu vose havana kunzwisisa kuti zvirongwa izvi zvakadini, saka vakava nevanokanganisa mafungiro eFed nesimba. Izvo zvakatungamirira kumotokari kuti ive neHurumende yakarongedzwa , iyo yakazadzikiswa zvizere neDodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act .
Nhepfenyuro yakagadzirawo chimiro chakasimba chemashizha akazaruka anozivikanwa sehuwandu hwekugadzirisa zvishoma , uko yakawedzera chikwereti chekubhadhara-chengeteredzwa kune zvaakatenga. Muna 2011, Fed yakagadzira Operation Twist . Apo zvigaro zvaro zvenguva pfupi zvakauya zvakakwana, zvakavatengesa uye zvakashandisa mari yekutenga kutenga kwenguva yakareba Treasory manotsi. Izvozvo zvakaderedza chido chekugara kwenguva refu, zvichiita kuti zvikwereti zviwedzere kudhura.