Chikonzero nei Hurumende Inoda Kuti Unotarisira Kupera
Mazhinji mabhandi makuru anoshandisa chinangwa chekutsvaga kwezvikamu zve 2.0 muzana. Icho chinoshanda kumutengo wekutsvaga kwemukati . Zvinotora zvinokonzerwa nemitengo yezvokudya nemagetsi.
Aya matengo ari nyore pamwedzi-kusvika-mwedzi apo matongerwo emitemo yemari anononoka-kuita. Zvinotora mwedzi mitanhatu kusvika kwegumi nemasere isati yatanga kushandiswa kwechidhinduko inokanganisa hupfumi.
Sangano reSweden rinoshandisa iyo Consumption Expenditure price index kuti ione kutengesa. Pamberi paJanuary 2012 yakashandisa Indekisi yeAvatengi .
Iko kune zvigaro zvekutsvaga kwehupfumi nekushaiwa kwemabasa pamwe chete. Iyo yakakosha yekuwedzera kweGDP inobva ku 2-3 muzana. Izvo zviyero zvekushaya mabasa zvinobva kune 4.7 muzana - 5.8 muzana.
Maitiro ekupinza Targeting Works
Sei Fed kana kuti chero bhizimusi guru rinoda kuwedzera ? Iwe unofunga kuti hupfumi huchaita zviri nani pasina mutengo unowedzera chero. Pashure pezvose, ndiani anoda mitengo yakakwirira? Asi yakaderera uye yakagadzirirwa kutengesa kwemazana inoshandiswa kuparadzanisa . Ndiyo apo mitengo inowira. Iwe unofunga kuti izvozvo zvingava chinhu chakanaka. Asi vanhu vachabvisa kutenga misha, motokari, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakakura-matikiti kana mutengo uchange wakaderera gare gare.
Dambudziko riri mukugadzira hutano hwemamiriro ehupfumi hwekugadzira matengo achikwira. Ikoko ndiko kuenderera mberi kwekutsvaga kwehupfumi kunosvika. Hurumende yehurumende inokurudzira hupfumi kuburikidza nekuwedzera mari , chikwereti, nemabasa kumari. Kana paine kukura kwakakwana, zvino chidai kunze kwekugovera. Apo mitengo inomuka, iyo inotengeswa.
Kune nzira mbiri dzekusika kukura. Iko inotora ichi kuburikidza nematongerwo emari ekuwedzera ekuderedza mitengo yemari . Congress inoitora ne discretionary yehurumende yemitemo . Izvozvo zvinoderedza mitero kana kuwedzera mari. Kana iwe waifanira kusarudza pakati pekutsvaga kwezvinhu uye kuperesa , kuwedzera kwemafuro kwakanyanya.
Ngozi dzekuparadzana dzinofananidzirwa nekuparara kwemakambani ekugara kwegore muna 2006. Sezvo matengo akawira, varidzi vemusha vakashaya kutengesa uye kunyange imba pachedu. Vatsva vanogona kutsvaga panzvimbo iyo. Vakanga vachitya kuti vaizorasikirwa nemari pamusha unotenga. Munhu wose, kusanganisira vatengesi, vakamirira kuti misika yemumba iitezve.
Sezvakaitika izvi, kushaiwa kwekutsvaga kwakamanikidzirwa kutengesa dzimba mukutsika. Vatengi havana kuva nechivimbo mumakethe emba kusvikira vaziva kuti mutengo waizoenda kumusoro. Ndiyo mhaka kune imwe yemakemikari apo kusagadzikana kwatora.
Nei Kutsika Kwekutsvaga Kwemabasa
Kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvisingabatsiri kunoshanda kuburikidza nekudzidzisa vatengi kutarisira zvigaro zvepamusoro. Upfumi hwakanaka huri nani apo pavanofunga kuti mutengo ucharamba uchikwira. Sei? Apo vanotengesi vanotarisira kuti matengo achamuka mune ramangwana, ivo vachatenga zvakawanda ikozvino apo matengo achiri pasi. Izvo "kutenga zvakawanda ikozvino" uzivi inokurudzira kudiwa kunodiwa kuti utungamirire hupfumi hwehupfumi.
Kutengesa kwepaburiro ndiyo inorasikirwa nekumira-enda mutemo wemari wekare . Muna 1973, kutengesa kwenyika kwakabuda kubva ku3,9 kubva kune 9,6 muzana. Dhaka yakapindura nekusimudza mari yakadyidzwa mari kubva pa575 mapfumbamwe kusvika kumatanho 13 munaJuly 1974. Asi vezvematongerwe enyika vakakumbira kuti vashandise mari shoma. Nenguva yaJanuary 1975, Fed yakaderedza matanho kusvika ku7,5 points. Kutengesa kwezvinhu kwakadzoka, kuchikwira kaviri-mazita naApril 1975.
Nokugadzirisa zvikwereti zvinokwidzika zvikuru, Fed yakavhiringidza mutengo-vateteri pamusoro pemutemo wayo. Mabhizimisi aitya kuderedza mitengo apo chikwata chekufarira chikaenda. Vakanga vasina chokwadi chekuti Fed haingangotendeuki uye kusimudza mitero zvakare.
Mutungamiri weHurumende yeBato reBen Bernanke akaisa rubatsiro rwekutengesa muAmerica. Mazana e1970 akadzidzisa Bernanke kuti kugadzirisa kutarisira kwezvakakosha kwepamusoro kwaive chinhu chakakosha mukudzora kutsika kwezvako pachako.
Izvo zvinoita kuti vanhu vazive kuti Fed ichaenderera mberi nekuwedzera kwemari yemitemo kusvikira kuwedzera kwepamusoro kunosvika 2 muzana.
Sezvo mutengo uchikwira, vanhu vanotenga zvakawanda ikozvino nokuti vanoda kudzivisa mitengo yakakwirira yezvigadzirwa zvemutengesi. Nokuda kwemari, vanotenga ikozvino nokuti vanovimba kuti vachavapa kudzoka kwakakwirira apo vanotengesa gare gare. Kana kugadziriswa kwemazana emari kuchiitwa zvakanaka, mitengo inomuka yakakwana chete kukurudzira vanhu kutenga nokukurumidza panzvimbo pfupi. Kutengesa kwepfuma kunoshanda nokuti inokurudzira kudiwa zvakakwana.
Maitiro ekupinza Targeting Akatanga
Central mabhangi muGermany neSwitzerland kutanga akatanga kushandisa kutengesa kwenyika mumakore ekuma1970. Vaida kutevera Bretton Woods International Monetary System yakagumburwa. Iko US dollar inokosha inowira, kutumira mamwe mari yakakwirira. Germany yakagara ichingwarira kuti irege kudzokorora kwehuwandu hwemvura inowanikwa muma1920s. Kubudirira kwaro kwakaita kuti dzimwe nyika dzishandise kutengesa kwezvishoma.
Muma1990, New Zealand, Canada, England, Sweden, uye Australia vakatora mutemo. Kubvira panguva iyo, hupfumi hwakawanda huri kutengeserana hupfumi hwakatendererawo kune kutengesa kwenyika: Brazil, Chile, Czech Republic, Hungary, Israel, Korea, Mexico , Poland, Philippines, South Africa, uye Thailand. Hapana munhu akazvigamuchira akazvipa. Icho chirevo chekubudirira kwayo. (Mhedziso: Mitsara yaBen Bernanke neGavhuna weFederal Reserve Board, "Pfungwa Pamusoro peKuchengetedzwa kweMari," March 25, 2003.)