Komiti nguva dzose inongororere ukuru uye kuumbwa kwezvivigiro zvadzo zvekuchengetedza uye yakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa avo vanobatana sezvakakodzera.
Chinangwa cheExployment Twist ndechekuderedza mari yakareba yeHarare inobereka , uye naizvozvo inhamba yemari. Izvozvo zvinowedzera kubudirira kwezvinyorwa zvemari. Sezvo kudiwa kunokwira, ndizvo zvakaita mutengo, sechinhu chero chipi zvacho. Kunyange zvakadaro, mitengo yepamusungo yepamusoro inowanzopererwa nezvibereko zvishoma zvevatengesi.
Izvi zvinowedzera sei chibereko? Iyo yemakore gumi yeHurumende yezvinyorwa zvakabhadharwa ndiyo inofanirwa nehuwandu hwezvikwereti pazvikwereti zvose zvisingatengesi, zvinosanganisira zvikwereti. IFed inoshandisa Operation Twist kuita zvikwereti zvisingakwanisi, kukurudzira vateresi kutenga zvivako, motokari, uye midziyo. Izvi zvinobvumirawo mabhizimisi kuti awedzere mari shoma.
Operation Twist muna 2011
Mutungamiri weBato reBurumende Ben Bernanke akazivisa $ 400 Bhiriyoni Operation Twist purogiramu munaSeptember 2011.
Sehupfumi kwenguva pfupi (makore matatu kana pasi) mabhiriji uye manotsi akawedzerwa, Fed inoshandisa mari yekutenga nguva yakareba (makore makumi matanhatu nemakumi matatu) Nhepfenyuro yemari uye zvisungo. Nhepfenyuro yaizotengawo zvitsva zvekubhadhara mari-yakatsigirwa sezvakaitwa kare. Dhaka inogona kutengawo nguva yakareba Treasurys nemari ye MBS kana yakanzwa yakakodzera.
Izvozvo zvakaratidza kuti Bernanke akanga achichinja bhaganisi yepakati pekutsvaga kubva pakugadzirisa kukanganisa kubva ku subprime mortgage crisis kuti vatsigire chikwereti zvachose. IFed yakazivisawo kuti yaizochengeta mari yeFed muzinga kusvika zero kusvika 2015.
Achishandisa Operation Twist, iyo Fed yaifambisa vanosimudza mari kubva kune ultra-safe Treasurys muzvikwereti nehuwandu hwekukwereta uye kudzoka. Chikumbiro cheHaidurys chakanga chichiri pamusoro, nekuda kwekunetseka pamusoro pematambudziko ekukwereta kweEurozone . Nekuzvipira kupedza zvibereko, Fed yakanga iri kumanikidzira vatengesi kuti vaongorore zvimwe zvipimo zvingabatsira hupfumi kupfuura.
Nheyo yacho yakashanda. MunaJune 2012, chibereko pamakore gumi nematatu chivigiro chakawira kumakore makumi maviri emakore. Somugumisiro, musika wemusha wakatanga kudzoka, sezvakaita kubhengi kubhengi. Zvimwe zvikonzero zvakabatsira, asi hutungamiri hweFed kuburikidza neOp Operation Twist hwakanga husingagadziri kutungamirira chiedza. Yakapera muna December 2012, apo QE4 yakashamiswa. Nokuda kwezvimwe, ona Sei Maitirwo Emitengo Imari Haingave Iri Iri Kupfuura Imwe 200 Makore .
Zvisinei, vazhinji vakatsoropodza zviito zveFed. Vakataura kuti, pasinei nematongerwo emari ekuwedzera , hupfumi hwakanga husina kuwedzera. Kubasa kwakaramba kwakakwirira nokuti mabhizimisi akanga asiri kukura nekusika mabasa.
Zvinosuruvarisa, Fed inogona kuita zvakanyanya.
Bernanke akanyevera kazhinji kuti avo vezvematongerwo enyika vaida kubuda pamatombo emari . Mabhizimisi akaramba akangwarira, pasinei nekuwanikwa kwezvikwereti zvinodhura. Dare reFed rakanyatsotaura kuti Fed yakanga ine gasi yepamusoro pedarebhobho, asi yakange isingagoni kukurira kusava nechokwadi kwakagadzirwa nehupfumi hwematongerwo enyika.
Nei Operation Twist Haana Kuumba Mabasa
Musi waJune 20, 2012, Federal Reserve yakazivisa kuti yaizowedzera chirongwa che "Operation Twist" kusvikira pakuguma kwegore. Zvichaitawo kuti mari yeFed mari inenge iripo panguva yakaderera kusvika muna 2014. Mharidzo yake kuCapitol Hill, Sachigaro Ben Bernanke vakakumbira vashandi vakasarudzwa kuti vagadzirise kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pematambudziko emitero, mitero nemitemo. Izvi zvaifanira kuitika zvisati zvaitika mabhizimisi akadzorera chivimbo kuti adzokere pamugwagwa wokupinza.
Kukwirira kwehuwandu hwemabasa kunokonzerwa nezvinhu zviviri: kusagadzikana kwebasa uye kusagadzikana kwemabasa .
Kushanda kwemhirizhonga kunokonzerwa nekuderera kwematambudziko, iyo inowanzoparadza yebhizimisi. Kusava nemabasa kwehutano ndizvo zvinoitika apo nguva refu isingashandisi yakarasikirwa neunyanzvi hunodiwa kukwikwidzana mumusika wemabasa.
Ndeapi mamwe matanho ekushaiwa basa ? Dzorera mamwe ma $ 800 mabhiriyoni ari kushandiswa mukudzivirirwa kwenyika kune mamwe mabasa-mabasa makuru, sekuvaka. Izvo zvinowedzera kusakosha kwebasa pamwe ne-ye-basa yekudzidzira nekudzidzira. Chizhinji chezvose, kukwira pamusoro pemasarudzo-gore rezvematongerwo enyika uye kutaurirana nzira yekugadzirisa mari.
Operation Twist, kana imwe purogiramu yeFed, haikwanise kuita zvakawanda kuderedza kusarirwa kwebasa nokuti kuvega kwete dambudziko. Mune mamwe mazwi, pane zvishoma izvo zvinowedzera mari yezvemari zvinogona kuita kuti uwane hupfumi. Dambudziko iri rakaderera kuvimba pakati pevatungamiri vebhizimisi. Kunyangwe iri dambudziko reEurozone, nzvimbo yemari , kana mitemo, mabhizinesi haafariri kubhadhara kusvikira vaine chokwadi chokuti chido chichavepo. Mhinduro yacho inofanira kubva kuWashington neBrussels.
Nhoroondo yeOp Operating Twist muma1960s
Imwe yepakutanga Operation Twist yakatangwa muna February 1961. Yakatumidzwa zita rekutamba kwakaitwa nemuimbi Chubby Checker. Sangano reStart Reserve rakatanga kutengesa kubata kwayo kwemazuva mashomanana emari yeHaimari, kuedza kukura zvibereko. Yakanga ichida kukurudzira vatengesi vemamwe marudzi kuti vaise mari yavo mumatambudziko aya, panzvimbo yekudzikinura mari yegoridhe.
Panguva iyoyo, maU.S. akanga achiripo pahutano hwegoridhe . Vatorwa vaitengesa zvigadzirwa muUnited States vaizongotengesa iyo yegoridhe, nokudaro kuparadza nzvimbo muH Fort Knox. Pasina goridhe rega, dhora reUnited States rakanga risina simba kana rakasimba. Sezvo hupfumi hweUnited States hwakakwira mushure meHondo Yenyika II, vatengi vaitumira zvakanyanya. Nhasi, hatisisiri kunetseka pamusoro pegoridhe iri ku Fort Fortake nokuti Mutungamiri Nixon akasiya tsika yegoridhe muma1970.
IFed yaidawo kuwedzera kukweretesa nekuderedza zvibereko paHarare Treasy. Upfumi hwakanga huchiri kubudirira kubva mukuderera kwema198, iyo pachayo yakaunzwa pamagumo ehondo yeKorea .
Operation Twist yakanga yakashinga Fed chiito. Sachigaro weFed William McChesney Martin akazvibvumira kupindura chikumbiro cheMutungamiri John F. Kennedy kutenga mabhizimisi akareba uye kuderedza chikwereti chechido. Dzimwe nhengo dzeBud Board dzakanga dzisingabvumirwi ne "sangano rezvematongerwe enyika." Asi Operation Twist yakashanda kusimbisa hupfumi kuburikidza nekukwirirana kwenguva pfupi. Yakanga isingaiti zvechisimba zvekuderedza mitengo yakareba kwenguva refu. Kunyange zvakadaro, kupera kwemakore kwakapera.