Nzira yeEEE Yakashandurwa sei Yakachinja Nhoroondo
Musi waJune 19, 2013, Federal Open Market Committee yakaratidza kuti yaizoshandisa kutenga zvinhu pakupera kwegore.
Ndiko kukura kwezvemari, kutengesa kwezvinhu, nekushaikwa kwebasa kwakanga kuri munzira yekuwana zvinangwa zveFed. Mashoko pamusoro pezviito zveFOMC anowanikwa muhurukuro yemisangano yeFOMC iyo inopa kuongororwa kwepamusoro kwehupfumi hweUnited States.
Vatengesi vakavhunduka, vachitungamirira "tereta yekotera." Musika wekutengesa wakawira pasi, uye chibereko pamakore gumi ehurumende yeChinyorwa cheHurumende chakasimuka ne1 muzana. Dambudziko rakaderedza kuchema kwayo kusvika munaDisemba 2013. Yakaderedza kutenga kwe $ 10 mabhiriyoni pamwedzi kuburikidza neFebruary 2014. Sachigaro weFederation Janet Yellen akazivisa kuti aitarisira kuti tapering ienderere mberi sezvakarongwa.
QE4 Yakanga isina kumboitika kare
Rute rwechina rweQE rwakaratidza kuchinja kwemashoko maviri mubato reFed. Chokutanga, ndiyo yaiva yekutanga iyo bhendi yepakati yenyika yakakonzera kushaya mabasa. Sachigaro weFed Ben Bernanke akavimbisa QE yaizoenderera kusvikira:
- Ushayi hwemabasa hwakaderera pasi pe6,5 muzana.
- Iko kuwedzera kwekutengesa kwenyika kwakawedzera pamusoro pe2,5 muzana.
Izvozvo zvaireva kuti Fed yakanga ine zvinangwa zviviri.
Yakanga ichida kukurudzira kukura pamwe nekudzivirira kutengesa. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, Fed yaive yakakosha hondo yekuwedzera kwepamusoro kune kudarika mabasa.
Nokuzivisa matanho chaiwo, Fed yakavimbiswa kuti kuderedza kwaizoenderera kuburikidza na2013. Izvi ndechokuti kusashaya basa kwaive kwe7,7 muzana, uye kuwedzera kwepasi pazasi kwe2% apo chirongwa chacho chakaziviswa.
Izvi zvakapa Congress uye mutungamiriri wenyika nguva yekukurukura sarudzo kumatombo emari .
Chechipiri, Bernanke akazivisa kuti mari inodyidzwa mari inogona kuramba iri pazero kusvika muna 2015. Sei Fed yakatora matanho akadaro? Bernanke aidavira kuti kutarisira zvinotarisirwa zvaive nesimba sezvakaitwa neFed ivo pachavo. Izvozvo ndezvokuti kusava nechokwadi kunoparadza zvikuru kumabhizimisi 'mano okugadzirira ramangwana. Nokuzivisa izvo zvaaizoenda, uye achizozviita, Bernanke akaisa danho rakagadzikana rekuwedzera kwehupfumi.
Wekutanga weFed Chairman kuratidza kuti uyu aiva Paul Volcker . Akasimudzira kutengesa kwezvinhu kuburikidza nekurega kubvisa-kuenda mutemo wemari wakanga wakasika. Apo imwe mabhizimisi aiziva kuti aizoramba aine chikwereti chemari yepamusoro, vakamira kusimudza mitengo. Izvozvo zvakaguma zvekutengesa.
Bernanke akanga asina kufanana naiye akatungamira, uyo aimbova Gavhuna weFed Alan Greenspan. Akange asinganzwisisiki nezvechinangwa chake. Bernanke aifanirawo kubvisa kusava nechokwadi kwakagadzirwa nevatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika. Vakanga vari mumatambudziko pamusoro pekugadzirisa dambudziko rekutsvaga kwekukwereta kwa2011 uye ye 2012 fiscal cliff crisis .
QE4 Makomborero
Rwendo rwechina rwekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwakanga huine zvikomborero zvitatu. Chokutanga, QE4 yakaparadzira mari yekugovera semapurogiramu akapfuura ekugadzirisa zvishoma.
Nokutengesa Treasurys yavo kuFed, mabhanga aiva nemari yakawanda yekukweretesa. Vakakwikwidzana pamwe chete nekubhadhara mutengo wechidiki . Mari dzakaderera dzakabvumira vanhu vakawanda kukwereta kutenga motokari, midziyo, uye kunyange chikwereti chikoro. Makambani akabhadharwa vashandi vakawanda kuti varambe vaine chido ichi chakawedzerwa. Izvo zvakaramba zvichisimbisa mari uye zvakagadzira zvimwe zvaidiwa.
Chechipiri, iyo yakabatanidzwa inobatsira ndeyokuti pasi peMariki inobereka inobhadhara chikwereti chezvikwereti zvishoma. Izvozvo zvakasimbisa misika yemusha.
Chikamu chechitatu chaive chokuti QE4 yakachengetedza kukosha kwedhora iri pasi. Izvozvo nokuti zvakafanana nokudhinda mari . Iko mari yakawanda-yekodhi yakawanda inowanika, iyo yakaderera kukosha kwedhora. Dhorobha yepamusoro yebhadharo yakasimbisa zvikwata zveUnited States nekuti dzakanga dzisingadhuri kune vatorwa vemamwe nyika. Somugumisiro, mutengo wemabhizimisi wakasimuka makumi matatu muzana muna 2013.
Pasi pekurima mari inopa muchina wechina kubva QE4. Icho chaiva chepamusoro kune dzimwe nyika. Zvinhu zveAmerica zvakagadzirwa uye maitirwo zvakasvibiswa kune vatorwa vakabva vatenga zvakawanda. Izvo zvido zvepamusoro zvakare zvakaumba mabasa eUnited States.
QE4 Kukanganisika
Zvinosuruvarisa, QE4 yakapedza chirongwa cheFed's Operation Twist . Izvo zvakanga zvatiza nekubudirira kukuru kubva munaSeptember 2011. Fed yakashandisa mari yakagamuchirwa apo pfupi nguva pfupi zvikwereti zveHaigari zvinouya nekuda kwekutenga nguva yakareba Treasory manotsi. Somugumisiro, mari yezvikwereti zvenguva pfupi yakasimuka, asi maitirwo emakore akawanda kwenguva yakawira. Nhepfenyuro yakaguma Operation Twist nokuti yakange yatengesa iyo nguva shomanana yeHadurys iyo inenge iine.
Chimwe chechipiri chisina kukodzera chaiva chiitiko chekuwedzera kutengesa. Izvo Mari inogona kunge yakaita mari yakawandisa mumari. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvinokonzerwa nehutsika .
Asi kutengesa kwezvinhu hakuna kumboitika. Ndiko kuti Fed yaisazova nechinetso kutengesa Treasurys yayo. Inongovaendesa kumabanki ayo ega, kuderedza shure kwezvakawanda zvekuchengetedza. Chechipiri, Fed haina kutengesa zvisungo zvaro kusvikira hupfumi hwakanga hwakasimba. Mabhengi aizoda kuendesa mari yakawanda kuFed nokuti vanobatsirwa kubva kune zvikwereti zvakakwirira. Chechitatu, Treasurys inotengeswa pasina mari. Vanogara vachidiwa nehurumende, pensions, uye vamwe vanokoshesa kuchengetedzwa.
Musi waJune 14, 2017, Fed yakareva kuti ichaderedza kubata kwayo zvishoma nezvishoma haifaniri kuitengesa. Nhepfenyuro yaizobvumira $ 6 mabhiriyoni eWorldurys kukura kunze kwekuisa panzvimbo yavo. Mwedzi woga woga waizobvumira imwe $ 6 mabhiriyoni kuti iwedzere. Chinangwa chayo ndechokusiya mari $ 30 mabhiriyoni pamwedzi. Dhaka ichaita zvakafanana neyo kubata kwekuchengetwa kwekodzero-yakatsigirwa. Izvo zvaizobvumira $ 4 bhiriyoni kukura mwedzi kusvikira yasvika $ 20 biliyoni. Musi waSeptember 21, Fed yakazivisa kuti yaizotanga kuderedza kubata kwayo munaOctober 2017.