Iyo 6'7 "Giant Iyo Yakagumisa Stagflation
Volcker akarwisa 10 muzana gore negore kuwedzera kwekutengesa nematongerwo emitemo .
Akashinga kaviri kudyidzwa kwemari yakabva kune 10.25 kubva kuzana kusvika 20 muzana muna March 1980. Akaridzikisa muchidimbu munaJune. Apo kutengesa kwenyika kwakadzoka, Volcker akakwidza chikamu zvakare kusvika 20 kubva muzana munaDecember uye akaichengeta iri pamusoro pe16 muzana kusvika muna May 1981. Iyo yakanyanya kukwira uye yehuwandu yezvibereko yakasimuka yakanzi Volcker Shock. Yakagumisa kupera kwezvinhu. Zvinosuruvarisa, zvakasimbisawo 1981 recession. Mutungamiri Jimmy Carter akamugadza uye Mutungamiri Ronald Reagan vakamugadza zvakare muna 1983.
Chikonzero nei Volcker Shock Yakashanda
Volcker aiziva kuti anofanira kutora chiitiko chinoshamisa uye chinogara chiripo kuti munhu wese atende kuti aigona kukonzera kutengesa. Mutungamiri Nixon akanga atsika mutengo wekutsvaga kwekugadzirisa nekupedza chiyero chegoridhe muna 1973. Kukosha kwemadhora kwakaderera pamisika yezvokuchinja kune dzimwe nyika. Izvo zvakaita kuti kutengesa mitengo kuve yakakwirira, kusika kutengesa. Nixon akaedza kuimisa nemishonga-kutengesa kwemari muna 1971. Izvozvo zvakavhara basa rebhizimisi, rakaderera kukura, uye rakagadzira kuwedzera .
Sachigaro weHedhi Alfred Hayes akaedza kurwisana nehupfumi nehupfumi panguva imwe chete. Akasimudza uye akadzikisa huwandu hwezvibereko. Basa rake-kuenda mari yemitemo yakavhiringidza vatengi nevhizimisi. Muna 1972, Congress yakagumisa mubhadharo wemari. Makambani anonetseka akangoderedza matengo kuti arambe achifambira mberi mune ramangwana rekuwedzera.
Vashandi vakaramba vachingotenga matengo vasati vasvika. Kutendeseka kwakarasika kunokonzerwa, uye kutengesa kwenyika kwakasimuka kusvika kaviri mairi.
Vongai Volcker, mabanki emunyika makuru anoona kukosha kwekutarisira kutarisira kwezvakakwana. Chero bedzi vanhu vachifunga kuti mutengo waizoramba uchikura, ivo vaine chikonzero chekushandisa ikozvino. Izvo zvaidiwa zvakanyanya zvakaderedza kuwedzera kwepamusoro. Vashandi vakamira kupedza pavakaona Volcker yaizopedzisa kuperesa. Mabhizimisi akamira kusimudza mitengo nokuda kwechikonzero chakafanana.
Sei Volcker Yakasika Rake Rwayo Rute
Muna 2009, Mutungamiri Obama akasarudza Volcker kuenda ku Economic Economic Recovery Advisory Board (2009-11). Volcker yakaita basa rinokosha mukuumba bhodhi. Akaunza vatungamiri kubva kumabhizimisi maviri uye kuchikoro. Vakapa maonero akazvimiririra ekugadzirisa dambudziko rezvemari. Volcker, uyo aiva nemakore makumi mana nemasere paakagamuchira mutsara, akanga ave achishanda mubato raB Obama. Obama akafunga kuti iye anogona kunge Munyori weHarare .
Volcker yakapa mhosva yekunetseka kwezvemari muna 2008 pamusana pekugadziriswa kwekugadzirwa kwemari yezvemari. Sezvo sachigaro wehurumende, akatsigira mitemo yakawanda yebhangi ne Volcker Rule . Inorambidza mabhizimusi makuru kubva pakushandisa vatengi mari kuti vatengese mari yavo pachavo. Vanogona kungozviita chete panzvimbo yevashandi vavo.
Izvo zvipingamupinyi izvozvi ndezvikonzero zvebhailouts ya2008 yaidiwa. Mabhangi angangotengeserana chete kuti abvise mari dzekutengesa mari kana kuti kutengesa mutengi. Kunyange zvazvo Mutemo wacho uri pasi pekuongororwa kusvikira muna 2012, wakava nemigumisiro pfupi. Semuenzaniso, Goldman Sachs akabvisa zvigadzirwa zvayo uye mari yekutengesa madheski.
A New Bretton Woods
Muna 2014, Volcker yakadana Chibvumirano chitsva cheBretton Woods . Chibvumirano che1944 chakagadzira dhora sezvo mari yepasi rese yakasungirirwa kune kukosha kwayo mugoridhe. Volcker vakataura kuti matambudziko emari akawedzera kamwe Mutungamiri Nixon akavhara chibvumirano. Dzinosanganisira matambudziko eLatin America, Mexican uye Asia.
Chibvumirano chitsva chingaita sangano rakabatanidzwa mune zvemarudzi ose emari nemari. Ichagadza mitemo inotungamirira nyika yenyika. Inogona kutosanganisira mari itsva yepasi pose kuti ichinje mari yacho.
Izvo zvingaita kuenzana mune nyika ' balance of payments . Izvozvo zvaizoita kuti vawane zvikwereti zvakakwana zvekuchinjana kune dzimwe nyika .
Volcker akaita izvi mazwi kumisangano yeBretton-Woods Komiti. Iboka revatungamiri venyika yose vanotsvaka kubatanidzwa pakati pemarudzi ezvemari. Izvi zvinosanganisira Bhizinesi reNyika uye International Monetary Fund . Inosanganisirawo mabhizimusi epakati penyika , mari, uye mabhanga ega. Volcker ndiye Chair Emeritus weKomiti.
Dzidzo uye Nheyo
Volcker akaberekwa musi waSeptember 1927 muCape May, New Jersey. Akawana B BA kubva kuPrinceton muna 1949. MA yake ari mune zvematongerwe enyika uye hurumende. Akaigamuchira muna 1951 kubva kuHarvard University Graduate School of Public Administration. Kubvira muna 1951 kusvikira muna 1952, akanga ari Rotary Foundation Fellow paLondon School of Economics.
Volcker akatanga basa rake somubatsiri wekutsvakurudza kuNew York Fed muna 1949. Akadzoka seye economist muna 1952. Muna 1957, Volcker akava nyanzvi yezvemari kuChese Manhattan Bank. Muna 1962, akashanda muUnited States Treasury Department . Akava Mutungamiri weHofisi yeMari Inoshandiswa. Gore rinotevera, akava Muchengeti weChechi yeChechi yeMari. Muna 1965, akadzokera kuChase Manhattan seVisi Vachiri Mutungamiri weForward Planning. Kubva muna 1969 kusvikira muna 1974, iye aiva Undersecretary yeHaimari yeMari. Muna 1974-75, ndiye aiva mukuru weWorkrow Wilson School yePublic and International Affairs kuPrinceton University.
Volcker yakashanda mumashure ega ega uye ehurumende mushure mekusiya Fed. Akanga ari sachigaro weJ. J. Rothschild, Wolfensohn & Company, iyo inoshandiswa kubhadhara mabhizimisi. Akatungamirira tsvakurudzo muEnron scandals. Akaongororawo uori muhurongwa hweUnited Nations huri-for-food muIraq.
Volcker iye zvino ndiye sachigaro weGulu re30. Icho chiri Washington, DC-based economic advisory group. Akatungamira boka revanhu iro rakashandisa mabhange eSwitzerland 'kutonga kweHolocaust's victim's accounts. Akange ave achishanda muArthritis Foundation.
Maererano nemagazini yeForbes, "Volcker ishoko guru (zvose zviri zviviri-iye 6'7" -kufananidzira) mumutambo wekubata hove. " Iye akafirwa bonefish uye tarpon muFlorida uye aanoda, Atlantic saalmon, muQuebec. Ndiye mutungamiriri weAlantic Salmon Federation. Ari kushandawo muNorth Atlantic Salmon Fund. Vose vanokurudzira kuchengetedza.