United States Munyori weNhepfenyuro

by Kimberly Amadeo

Chii chakaitwa naHamilton nevamwe vanyori vemari?

Munyori weUnited States weHaimariyo ndiye mukuru wezvemari yehurumende yehurumende. Mune basa iri, basa rake (kusvikira ikozvino, hapana vakadzi vakashanda muhofisi iyi) kutarisira uye kutarisira chikwereti chevanhu , kunyange zvazvo asingakwanisi kutarisira kushandisa mari uye kukanganisa. Anounganidza mitero, kunyange zvazvo asingatori mutero wemitero. Anonyora mari uye anoita zvigadzirwa zvemari, kunyange zvazvo asina kusimbisa mari . Kunyange zvakadaro, Treasury Secretaries munyika yose yerudzi rwedu rakaita mabasa anokosha. Kunzwisisa kukosha kweVanyori veZvinyori veMariki, kubva kuna Alexander Hamilton kuna Steve Mnuchin.

01 First Treasury Munyori Alexander Hamilton (1789 - 1795)

Alexander Hamilton ndiye aiva Munyori wekutanga weHarare. Basa rake rokutanga raiva rekubhadhara chikwereti chemadhora makumi mashanu emadhora ayo US akanga aita kuti abhadharwe neRevolutionary War. Akatorawo hurumende inoti 'zvikwereti. Uyu mutoro wakagadza nyika itsva sekodzero yekubhadhara chikwereti, kubvumira kudiwa kwekune dzimwe nyika kune imwe nyika yekuvaka hupfumi hwenyika.

Hamilton akabhadhara chikwereti kuburikidza nekutora mabhizimisi ekutanga eUnited States, uye nekugadzira yekutanga mitero - doro. Akasika yekutanga federal mint, kubudisa mari yenyika. Akabudirirawo kukakavadzana kwekutanga kubhengi reUnited States, saka hurumende yeGermany ichava nenzvimbo yakachengeteka yekuchengeta mari.

Chiratidzo chaHamilton chakanga chiri chehurumende yehurumende kuti ive nekutonga kwezvematongerwo enyika pamusoro pematunhu. Akasimudzira nyika itsva kuti iende kune hupfumi hwehupfumi. Akanga achida mari yekuchengetedza mabhizimisi matsva aya, uye kuwedzera kuwedzera kwekubatsira kutanga mabhizimisi matsva.

02 Sarimoni Chase (1861 - 1864)

Salmon Chase aiva Munyori weChechi yeMari pasi peMutungamiri Abraham Lincoln. Akaita zvinhu zviviri zvinokosha: akasika nyika yebhangi system uye akagadzira mari yemapepa inoshandiswa nhasi. Kufanana neVaMariki vazhinji veMari, akabatsira mari yehondo - munyaya iyi, Hondo yeVanhu paine mari ye $ 500 mamiriyoni. Akaita saizvozvo, kunyange zvazvo aipikisana nehondo, uye aiva mushori anopesana neuranda.

Chase akasika pepa rekutanga pebhadha mushure me1861, uye akaita kuti mutsara wekuti "Muna Mwari Tinovimba Naye" wakaiswa padanda pairi. Mukuyeuka kwake, $ 10,000 mari yakadhindwa nechiso chake pairi kubva muna 1928-1946. Zita rake rinogara riri muzita raJPMorgan Chase, sezvo Chase Manhattan Bank yakatanga kunzi zita rake. (Chinobva: Joshua Brown, The Reformed Broker, Munyori Wakakosha Kupfuma Wese Wusina Kumbonzwa Of)

03 Andrew Mellon (1921-1932)

Andrew Mellon basa rekutanga seChinyorwa cheMariki rekugadzirisa chikwereti chehurumende chinobva kuHondo Yenyika I. Akati, "vanhu vazhinji vanofanira kuwedzera kufarira kuchengetedza mari yehurumende pane kuishandisa."

Akatanga kuronga shanduro-yechirongwa munyaya muna 1924 mubhuku rake, "Taxation: The People's Business." Akaritumidza kuti "mitero yesayenzi." Akati vafumi vaizoshandisa kudhafa kwemitero kuhaya vanhu vakawanda. Izvozvo zvingasimudzira hupfumi kupfuura hupfumi hwemitero kune varombo.

Mukuwedzera, kuderedza mitero yekutere kunokurudzira vanhu vakawanda kutevera mutemo uye kubhadhara mitero yavo. Akacheka chikamu chepamusoro kubva kumazana makumi manomwe kubva muna 1922 kusvika muna 24 muzana muna 1929. Ichi chakaderedza chikwereti.

Sekuve nhengo yekare ye Federal Reserve Board , iye aifarira kuwanda kwezvikwereti zvinokanganisa kutengesa muna 1929. Fed yakaramba ichingokura mari kunyange zvazvo hupfumi hwakapinda mumatambudziko muna August. Izvozvo zvakatungamirira kukanganisa kwemusika wekutengeswa muna October . (Inobva: "Andrew Mellon," Federal Reserve History.)

04 Henry Morgenthau (1934 - 1945)

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Henry Morgenthau akanga ari Munyori weHaimari wehurumende pasi peMutungamiri Franklin D. Roosevelt naHarry Truman. Akanga ari munyori wechipatimendi cheNew Deal , chirongwa chinotyisa chekupedza chakagadzirirwa kuumba mabasa , kugadzirisa hukama hwehupfumi uye kupedza Great Depression ya1929 . Morgenthau akatarisa kutengesa kwezvisungo zvehondo kune mari yeHondo Yenyika II. Mushure mehondo, akaronga chirongwa cheMorgenthau kudzivirira Germany kusimbisa simba rezvehupfumi kuti rive nharo dzehondo zvakare. Yaiva yakaoma zvikuru. Yakaratidza kuti Germany inopatsanurudzwa kuva nyika mbiri, mashizha ayo akabatanidzwa nenyika dzakapoteredza, uye kuderedza zvakanyanya mararamiro ehupenyu. Truman akarwisana nekuoma kwechirongwa, asi chikamu chokupedzisira chakashandiswa. Imwe mirayiridzo yakarambidza rubatsiro kuvarimi veGermany uye yakarambidza kugadzirwa kwemafuta, mabhazi, mabheji, vatengesi, uye ndege kusvika muna 1947. (Chinyorwa: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Henry Morgenthau)

05 Larry Summers (1999 - 2001)

Wikimedia Commons

Larry Summers akanga ari Munyori wenhepfenyuro Munyori weMutungamiri Bill Clinton kubva muna 1999-2001. Akatarisa kubviswa kweGoo-Steagall Act , iyo yakabvumira mabhengi kuisa mari muzvinhu zvinokuvadza sezvikwereti zvezvikwereti . Zuva rakange ririwo mutsigiri akasimba wekuregererwa kwezvakabva. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nei vakuru vakuru vehurumende vaisaziva kuti kuputsika kwe subprime mortgages kwaizopararira kune hupfumi huzhinji. Ivo chaizvoizvo vakanga vasingazivi kuti kushandiswa kwakadini kwekwereti zvisiri swap uye zvimwe zvigadziriswa zvisiri pamutemo zvakanga zvava.

06 Hank Paulson (2006 - 2009)

Hank Paulson akakumbirwa kuti ave Munyori wenhepfenyuro neMutungamiri weGeorge W. Bush muna 2006. Akanga asingadi kusiya chikamu chake se CEO yeGoldman Sachs, asi ruzivo rwake pachikwata rwakamupa ruzivo rwakanyanya ruchati rwunobatsira apo dambudziko rezvemari ra2008 rakapera . Akatungamirira basa rekudzivirira basa uye akashandura ukama hwake hwebhangi kushandura mabhizimisi kuvamanikidza kuti vagamuchire hurumende yehupfumi kuti vadzivirire mabhanga asina simba nekuvimbika kwevakasimba. Asati aona dambudziko rezvemari, akakwanisa kubhadharisa mutero weBush kutanga kwegore ra2008. Ave achitsoropodzwa kakawanda nekuda kwekuita zvakanyanya, zvakadai sokubhadhara mabhanga uye kusaita zvakakwana, zvakadai sokubvumira Lehman Brothers kuti vakundikane.

07 Tim Geithner (2009 - 2013)

Wikimedia Commons

Tim Geithner akashanda pasi peMutungamiri Barack Obama munguva yake yekutanga yekushanda. Mwedzi mushure mokunge atora basa, akatanga $ 2 trillion Financial Stability Plan , achishandisa mari kubva purogiramu yeTARP . Asati ashumira seChinyorwa cheMari, iye aiva mukuru weNew York Federal Reserve Bank . Mune basa iri, akabatanidzwa zvikuru mukufambisa bhaganese bhailout yaida kugadzirisa dambudziko remari ra2008 . Akatungamirawo vatungamiri veEurope munguva yematambudziko emari. Vakawanda vavo vakanga vasina ruzivo rwehupfumi hwepasi rese.

08 Jack Lew (2013 - 2017)

Jack Lew naLin-Manuel Miranda. Flickr

Chinetso chikuru chaJack Lew chakanga chiri chokushanda neCongress kuwana nzira yakanakisisa yekuderedza chikwereti chenyika . Lew rakasarudzwa neMutungamiri Obama nokuti ane ruzivo rwakawanda rwekutarisana nehuwandu hwemari uye hutungamiri. Akanga ari aimbova Chief of Staff, Obama, Mutungamiri weHofisi yeHurumende uye Budget uye Chief Operating Officer for Management uye Resources muDhipatimendi reHurumende. Akashandawo seMutungamiri weOMB pasi peMutungamiri Clinton, kwaakabatsira kubvumirana nekushandurwa kwebato-partisan kune bhajeti rakarongeka.

Lew yakashandawo neCiti Global Wealth Management uye Citi Alternative Investments (CAI), uye yaiva mukuru wekushanda weNew York University. (Chinyorwa: White House, Jack Lew)

09 Steve Mnuchin

Steve Mnuchin aiva Donald Trump's campaign campaign chairman. Sevanyori veMari, anovimbisa kuderedza Dodd-Frank mitemo. Anoda kudzoka naFannie Mae naFreddie Mac kune vega. (Haana kutaura kana hurumende yehurumende icharamba ichitsigira zvikwereti zvayo.)

Mnuchin achaita hurongwa hwetatu hweTrump . Akanga ari mubatanisi wepurogiramu. Anotarisirawo kuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwechikwereti chenyika . (Chinobva: "Pfuma YeTrump Pick Inoti US Inofanira Kubva kuna Freddie Mac na Fannie Mae," Fortune, December 1, 2016.)

Mnuchin aiva mukuru mukuru wezvenhau kuGoldman Sachs. Akashandawo mune zvekuchengetedza mari. Muna 2002, akaisa wake hedge fund, Dune Capital. Yakabhadhara mafirimu akaita se "X-Men" uye "Avatar." Akatenga IndyMac Bank kubva kuhurumende yehurumende iyo yakakundikana muna 2008. Zita reWeWest Bank raive nemitemo yekutsvaira kwechisimba. Makore mashanu gare gare, akaita 150 muzana yekubatsira paakazvitengesa. (Chinobva: "" Steven Mnuchin Ndiye Anopfuura Pragmatist Kupfuura Ideologue, "DealBook, November 30, 2016.)

10 Mashandiro eDhipatimendi reMari yeUnited States

Iwe une Dhipatimendi reUnited States reUnited States kuti utendese nokuda kwe IRS, US Mint, uye Bhodhi reDhutheni. Iva Bureaus, pamwe nevamwe vapfumbamwe, ndivo vanokwana 98 muzana yemabasa emapazi. Inenge 2 kubva muzana yebasa inoitwa nehofisi yeNobvu, asi inonyanya kukosha muhupfumi hwepasi rese. Vashandirwi veDhipatimendi reHurumende vanosvika 117 000 vanoshandisa mari ye $ 11 mabhiriyoni, uye vanogadzirisa $ 358 mabhiriyoni mumitero yekubhadhara uye chikwereti mari.

11 Basa reChinyorwa cheMariki

Munyori weMariki ane mabasa anoverengeka anokosha. Chokutanga, anorayira Mutungamiriri wezvemari, wehupfumi, uye mitero yehurumende, zvose mumhuri uye munyika yose. Anobatanidzwawo mukugadzirisa hurongwa hwemari uye bhajeti.

Munyori Wechipatimendi weMariki anotarisira mabasa ose eDhipatimendi reMari. Chinonyanya kukosha ndeyekubhadhara chikwereti chevanhu kuburikidza nekutarisira hurongwa hwekutengeserana kweHumari. Iko inonyanya kukosha kune vakawanda vanobhadhara vari kuita federal mutemo wehurumende uye kuunganidza mitero yemari kuburikidza neHaimari yeInternal Revenue Service. Munyori anotarisa basa reHurumende yekuita mari uye mari, iyo inobata munhu wose.

Munyori anogara pane mapurisa akawanda ehurumende yehurumende nemabhenakeri. Iye ndiye Sachigaro uye Mutariri weGurisa weSocial Security uye Medicare Boards of Trustees. Anogarawo pasi: Mutungamiri we National Economic Council, International Monetary Fund, Bhizimisi reMarudzi rose reKubvongeka nekuKuchengetwa, Bhizinesi reAmerican Development, Asian Bank Bank, African Bank Bank, European Bank yekuvakazve nekuvandudza, uye iyo North North Development Bank.