Zvaiva Ndei, uye Zvinokubatsira Sei Nhasi?
Vazhinji vedu takanzwa nezveBay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, uye nhangemutange kumwedzi. JFK inonyanya kuzivikanwa nemutemo wayo wekunze kune dzimwe nyika.
Mushure mezvose, akanga ari mutungamiri weAmerica uyo akamira paGedhi reBerlin uye akati, "Nhasi, munyika yekusununguka, vanozvikudza vanozvirumbidza 'Ich bin ein Berliner.'" Boka revanhu rakapera! West Germans akanzwa kutsigirwa kweguta ravo iro rakanga rangoparadzaniswa neKomonisiti yaibata East Berlin.
Pamberi pepamberi, isu tose tainzwa hurukuro yakakurumbira yeKennedy yokutaura, "Bvunza kuti nyika yako ingakuteerei, bvunza zvaunogona kuitira nyika yako." Yakanga ine simba zvikuru nokuti akanga achigadzira zviratidzo zvekutungamirira nyika kunze kwekuderera kwema1960. Akange achangobva kukundwa nhangemutange yepedyo yemutungamiri wenyika. VaTV pundits vakati JFK akakunda nokuti akatarisa zvakanaka pahwindo uye akanga ari mhepfenyuro-savvy kupfuura wevadzivisi vake. Asi muvengi wake, Vachi-Mutungamiri Richard Nixon , akati makore akazotevera akarasikirwa nekuda kwekushaiwa basa.
Kennedy's inaugural speech yakagadzira kuvimba muutungamiriri hwake uye kutungamirirwa. Akachenjera akafambisa mberi kwegore iro rinokosha rekushandisa mari yehurumende kuti awedzere mararamiro kunze kwekurwa kubva kuCongress.
Akavimbisa kuti acharamba achishandisa kusvikira mabhizinesi achibhadhara zvakare. Akataura pachena kuti haana hanya nekodzero yenyika , ndiyo nzira yaakawana nayo "nyika inofamba zvakare."
Kudyidzana kwakapiwa JFK kushandiswa , kunyorova nemazuva ano. Yakaratidza kuti kushandiswa kwehurumende kunokwidza mari inotyisa.
Akawedzerawo mari shoma, akavandudza Social Security benefits, uye akapfuurira kugadziriswa kwemuguta purogiramu. Pakupedzisira asi kwete zvishoma, akaisa pfungwa pamusoro penyika mukubatsira mupfungwa.
1960 Recession
Kennedy akamhanyira kuhofisi achipikisana neRepublican Vice-Mutungamiri Richard Nixon munguva yekusununguka kwema1960, iyo yakatanga munaEpril. Kunyange zvazvo nhasi nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinoti akakunda nekuda kwekutsvaga kwake uye kushandiswa kwevhidhiyo, vateereri panguva iyoyo vakagamuchira vimbiso yake yakaoma-chekuita kuti America aende zvakare.
Kuwedzerwa kwematambudziko kwakakonzerwa nehurongwa hwemari huripo , sezvo Federal Reserve yakasimudza chikwereti chekuda kusvika ku399 kubva muzana kuti ivhare kukura kwe 1959 kwe7.25 muzana. Nenguva yekusarudzwa muna 1960, hupfumi hwakanga huchikwira mazana mana. Kubasa kwaive kwakakura kusvika ku6,6 muzana. Izvo zvakanga zvinyoroenzaniswa nehupenyu hwekudzoka .
Kennedy akagumisa kuderera mune nzira mbiri. Chokutanga, akaisa chiratidzo chinokurudzira nyika muInaugural Address yake, paakati:
Munhoroondo yakareba yenyika, zvizvarwa zvishomanana chete zvakapiwa basa rekudzivirira rusununguko muawa yaro yenjodzi huru. Handiregi kubva pamutoro uyu - ini ndinogamuchira. Handitendi kuti ani zvake wedu angashandura nzvimbo nemamwe vanhu kana chimwe chizvarwa. Simba, kutenda, kuzvipira kwatinoita kune izvi zvinozoita kuti nyika yedu nevose vanovashandira - uye kupenya kubva mumoto iwoyo kunogona kujekesa nyika.
Uye saka, hama dzangu dzekuAmerica: usabvunza kuti nyika yako inogona kukuitirei - bvunza zvaunogona kuitira nyika yako.
Vandinonamata navo vagari vemunyika: musabvunze kuti America ichakuitirei, asi chii chatinogona kuita pamwe norusununguko rwevanhu.
Chechipiri, akazadzisa mushandirapiti wake. MuHurumende yake yekutanga yeUnited Address, akati, "Ndichakumbira mukati mezuva gumi nemana anotevera nhanho dzinotarisirwa kuve nekugadzirisa nekukurumidza nzira yekuwedzera kwekukura kwekukura."
Kennedy akaita izvi nekupura mabhiriyoni muhupfumi pakarepo. Haana kuda Congressional kuvigirwa. Akangotungamirira masangano ehurumende kutamisa mari yavo yebhajhe mberi nokukurumidza sezvazvigoneka. Nenzira iyi, JFK yakarasa mabhiriyoni emadhora muhurumende yemugwagwa mukuru wehurumende mari mukati mokupararira. Akakurumidza kubhadhara mari yemari yepurazi, kubhadhara mitero, uye GI inshuwarisi yehupenyu. Akasika chirongwa chekudya chekudya uye akawedzera Mahofisi Emabasa.
Pakupedzisira, akakumbira Federal Reserve kuti ishandise mabhizimusi ayo akazaruka kuti atenge mari yeHarare. Kutama kwaizoita kuti nguva yakareba yeruchiva inenge iri pasi.
Dzimba dzakaderedzawo kudyidzana kwemari yakaderedzwa kubva kubva ku4 kusvika ku1,98 kubva muzana kusvika pakaderera nguva shomanana. Kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvakakomba mumiti gore negore kunoratidza kukura kwakawedzerwa ne 2.6 muzana muna 1961, uye ne6.1 muzana muna 1963.
Chinonyanya kukosha, Kennedy akajekesa kuti aizoenderera mberi nemari yehurumende chero bedzi zvaidiwa kuti isangogumisa kupera kwepamatambudziko asi kuti kuve nokugadzirisa kusvika pakutanga kwakasimba. Akaita zvakanaka pane zvaakataura, kurwisana nekukwira kwema 6,1 muzana kwehuwandu hwemabasa .
Kusakona Kupera
Pakazosvika 1961-1963, Kennedy akawedzera $ 23 mabhiriyoni kune chikwereti chenyika. Yaiva yepamusoro ye8% inowedzera kusvika kune $ 289 bhiriyoni chikwereti chikamu pakupera kwebhajheji yekupedzisira yeEisenhower. Kurasikirwa kwake kwekudarika kwapera kupedzisira kwaitika uye kwakabatsira pakuwedzera kwakapera kusvikira 1970. Hauna kuwedzera zvakawanda kune chikwereti cheUnited States kana ichienzaniswa nevamwe vatungamiri .
Mukuwedzera pakupedza, JFK yakatsigirawo kutengesa kwemitero . Mutsamba yake ku Economic Economic of New York munaDecember 1962, akakurukura kushandisa mari yakawanda pamusoro pezvedzidzo, kuwedzera kutsvakurudza nekuvandudza, nekucheka mitero. Panguva iyoyo mutero wekutambira waiva 91 muzana, waaida kuderedza kusvika 65 muzana.
Kudzivirira uye Hondo yeVietnam
Chinangwa chikuru cheKennedy chakanga chiri chokudzivirira zvido zve US pamusoro pekuwedzera kweSoviet Union kweKomonisiti. MunaFebruary 1961, akabvumira dambudziko rekuya kwePigs. Yakanga iri nzira yakakundikana yekuputsa mutungamiri weCommunist Fidel Castro.
Muna June 1961, JFK yakasangana nemukuru weSoviet Nikita Khrushchev, uyo akatyisidzira kubvisa US kupinda Berlin. IU.SR yakapiwa East Berlin pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II. Mukupindura, Kennedy akawedzera kubhadharo yezvidziviriro nekuwedzera intercontinental ballistic missile masimba. Akawedzera ku Air Air and Reserves, uye mauto matsva mashanu ehondo.
Musi waAugust 13, 1961, hurumende yeSoviet yakavaka Rusvingo rweBerlin. Yakarambidza vagari varo kumativi ekumabvazuva kweguta kuenda kuGerman kumadokero. Makore maviri gare gare, Kennedy akapa hurukuro yake yakakurumbira pamadziro, achivimbisa kutsigira rusununguko uye kupikisa humanism.
Muna Gumiguru 1962, Kennedy akaziva kuti veSoviet vaivaka zvivako zvenyukireya muCuba. Akabvumira kubviswa kwechitsuwa chacho, uye USSR yakabvisa nzvimbo.
MunaAugust 1963, mapurisa eSouth Vietnam akakurukura maitiro eUnited States kune aigona kubvumidza hurumende yeMutungamiri Diem. JFK yakanga yawedzera rubatsiro rweAmerica nevatsigiri vemauto veUnited States kusvika kune 16 000. MunaNovember 1963, Diem akaurayiwa. Vasoja vakatora, vachivimba neUnited States. Nenzira iyo, JFK yakaisa hwaro hweHondo yeVietnam.
Kennedy neMental Health
Musi waOctober 24, 1963, Mutungamiri Kennedy akanyorera Maternal uye Child Health uye Mental Retardation Planning Kugadziriswa ku Social Social Act. Yakapa mari yekutaura kuti ivandudze mapurogiramu avo. Musi waOctober 31, akanyorera Mental Retardation Facilities uye Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act.
Paakasaina Mutemo, Kennedy akati, "... Avo vanorwara mupfungwa havachave vari vatorwa kune rudo rwedu kana kupfuura kwekubatsira kwemunharaunda yedu." Ainyanya kufunga nezvezvinodiwa zvavo kubva apo munun'una wake Rosemary akaberekwa ane hurema hwepfungwa.
Mutemo unobhadharwa munzvimbo dzehutano hwehutano hwehutano hunoita kuti utarisire zviri nani pane zvirwere zvepfungwa. Kana, zvichida, ndicho chaiva chirongwa. Pane kudaro, inotaura kuti yakavhara zvipatara zvepfungwa. Mari yekubhadhara yakanga isina kukwana, uye gare gare ikacheka, kune nzvimbo dzemunharaunda. Iga 5 muzana yevarwere vanobatwa panzvimbo idzi vaiva psychotics. Nokufamba kwenguva, varwere vazhinji vezvipatara zvepfungwa vakatumirwa kumisha inochengeterwa vakwegura vachibhadharwa neMedarendi Medicaid. Ichi chakanga chiri kutanga kwekuregererwa kwenyika .
Makore Ekutanga a Kennedy
John F. Kennedy akaberekwa musi waMay 29, 1917. Akawana B BA mune zvematongerwe enyika kubva kuHarvard College muna 1940, akapedza kudzidza. Akabatana neNavy kubva muna 1940-1945 kurwisana neHondo Yenyika II. Akarayira chikepe cheP PT-109 chikepe chavo chakanyudzwa nemuparadzi wechiJapane. Akagamuchira Purple Heart uye Navy uye Marine Corps Medal nekushambira maawa mana kuti aponese mumwe wevarume vake.
Akava mukuru weUnited States kubva kuBoston asati ava Sénator yeUnited States kubva kuMassachusetts muna 1953. Akagamuchira Pulitzer Prize munhoroondo yebhuku rake "Profiles in Courage."
Muna 1956, Kennedy akapotsa akasarudzwa neDemocratic Vice-Mutungamiri. Akava mutungamiri wehurumende mugore ra1960. JFK akatsanangura maonero ake eMelika "New Frontier" mumutauro iwoyo. Akarova Vachi-Mutevedzeri Richard M. Nixon nemuganhu wakaoma zvikuru nekuvimbisa kupedza kuderedza nyika. (Chinyorwa: "Pamusoro Penyaya," Kennedy.)
Mamwe maPresident 'Economic Policies
- Donald Trump (2017 - 2021)
- Barack Obama (2009 - 2017)
- George W. Bush (2001 - 2009)
- Bill Clinton (1993 - 2001)
- Ronald Reagan (1981 - 1989)
- Richard Nixon (1969 - 1974)
- Lyndon B Johnson (1963 - 1969)
- Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933 - 1945)