Dambudziko reEurozone Dambudziko, Zvinokonzera, Kuporesa, uye Migumisiro

Maitiro Edambudziko reEurozone Anokubata Iwe

Mari yechikwereti yeEurozone ndiyo yakanyanya kutyisidzira pasi rose muna 2011. Izvo zvinoenderana neChechi ye Economic Economic Development and Development . Zvinhu zvakanyanya kuwedzera muna 2012. Dambudziko rakatanga muna 2009 apo nyika yakatanga kuona Girisi inogona kusisina chikwereti. Mumakore matatu, yakawedzera kusvika pakukwereta kwechikwereti chakashata kubva kuPortugal, Italy, Ireland neSpain . European Union , inotungamirirwa neGermany neFrance, yakaedza kutsigira nhengo idzi.

Vakatanga bhailouts kubva kuEuropean Central Bank uye International Monetary Fund . Aya matanho haana kuchengetedza vakawanda kubva mubvunzo pamusoro pekugona kwe euro pachake.

Maitiro Edambudziko reEurozone Anokubata Iwe

Kana nyika idzodzo dzakanga dzisina kutadza, zvingave zvakanyanya kuipa kudarika dambudziko remari ra2008. Mabhangi, avo vatungamiri vekwereti huru, vaizosangana nekurasika kukuru. Mabhanga maduku angadai akawira. Mukutya, vaizocheka vachikweretesa kune mumwe nemumwe. Iko Libor chiyero chaizodengenyeka sezvakaitwa muna 2008.

IECB yakabata chikwereti chikuru chekutonga. Zvisizvo zvingave zvakakanganisa ramangwana rayo. Yakatyisidzira kupona kweEuro pacharo. Kudzora chikwereti chisina kudzora chinokanganisa kunogona kuumba kuderedza dambudziko kana kuti kudengenyeka kwenyika yose.

Izvo zvingave zvakanyanya kuipa kudarika dambudziko rekutonga chikwereti muna 1998. Apo Russia yakasarudzwa, dzimwe nyika dzinotanga kutengesa yakaitawo saizvozvo. IMF yakapinda. Yakatsigirwa nesimba rekuEurope nyika neUnited States.

Panguva ino, haisi misika inotanga kubuda kunze asi misika yakagadzirwa iyo iri panjodzi yekusafa. Germany, France, neUnited States, vatsigiri vakuru ve IMF, ivo pachavo vane chikwereti chikuru. Panova nechingwa chiduku chezvematongerwe enyika kuwedzera kune chikwereti ichocho kubhadhara mari yakawanda yebhailouts inodiwa.

Chii Chaiva Sarudzo?

Muna May 2012, Chancellor wechiGermany Angela Merkel akatanga chirongwa chinomwe.

Yakatarisana nemutungamiri weFrance Francois Hollande achangobva kusarudzwa kuti aumbe Eurobonds . Aidawo kugadzirisa zviyero zvekutsvaga uye kusimbisa hupfumi huzhinji. Chirongwa cheMerkel chichati:

1. Tanga mapurogiramu ekurumidza-kutanga kubatsira mabhizimusi ekutanga.
2. Relax kudzivirirwa pakusunungurwa kusina kururama.
3. Tumirai "minijob" nemitero yakaderera.
4. Itai kuti vadzidzisi vadzidze uye dzidzo yevashandi inotarisirwa kuhutano hwehutano.
5. Ita mari yakakosha uye mitero inobatsira kuti udzikinise mabhizinesi ehurumende.
6. Gadzira nzvimbo dzakasarudzwa dzezvemari dzakafanana nevaya vari kuChina.
7. Itai mari mune zvekugadziriswa.

Merkel akawana izvi zvakashanda kubatanidza East Germany. Akaona kuti matanho aikwanisa sei kukurudzira kukwikwidzana kweEurozone yose.

Ichitsuwa chechinomwe chakatevera chibvumirano chebvumirano chehurumende chinogamuchirwa musi waDecember 8, 2011. Vatungamiri veEU vakabvumirana kuumba humwe hutano hunoenderana nehutano hwemari huripo. Chibvumirano chakaita zvinhu zvitatu. Kutanga, yakashandura zvigadziro zvebhajeti yeMatongerwo Maastricht . Chechipiri, yakatsigira vatengesi kuti EU inogona kumira shure kwechikwereti chayo chemasimba. Chechitatu, yakabvumira EU kuti ive sangano rinowirirana. Kunyanya, chibvumirano chacho chaizosika zvishanu kuchinja:

1. Nhengo yeEurozone yenyika yaizopa mutemo mamwe masimba emabhadharo ekutonga kweUnited States.

1. Nhengo dzakapfuura ne3% muhotera-kusvika-GDP chikwata chaizotarisana nezvikwereti zvemari. Chero zvirongwa zvekukwereta chikwereti chakakosha zvinofanira kuziviswa nguva pfupi.
2. IEuropean Financial Stability Facility yakatsiviwa nehurumende yekugara bhailout. IEurope Stability Mechanism yakave yakabudirira muna July 2012. Mari yekusingaperi yakatsigira vatsigiri kuti EU inomira seri kwevanhu vayo. Izvozvo zvakaderedza dambudziko rekutadza.
3. Kuvhota mitemo muEEM kwaizobvumira zvisarudzo zvekukurumidzira kuti zviperekedzwe nehuwandu hwehuwandu hunosvika 85 muzana. Izvi zvinobvumira EU kuita zvakakurumidza.
4. Nyika dzeEurozone dzaizokweretesa mamwe mabhiriyoni mazana maviri emamiriyoni kuImF kubva kumabhanki avo makuru.

Izvi zvakatevedza kubhadhara mari muna May 2010. Vatungamiri veEU vakatora mabhiriyoni 720 emadhora kana $ 928 mabhiriyoni kuti vadzivise dambudziko rekukwereta risina kukonzera imwe kuparara kweWall Street.

Kuburitswa kwekudzorera kwakadzorerwa kutenda mu euro yakanyura kusvika pamwedzi gumi nemana pasi pedhora.

IUnited States neChina vakapindira mushure mokunge ECB ichiti yaisazoponesa Girisi. LIBORI yakasimuka mabhanga akatanga kutya sezvakaitwa muna 2008. Panguva ino bedzi, mabhangi akanga achidzivisa mumwe nomumwe 'kutyisa Girisi chikwereti pane kubhadhara chikwereti.

Migumisiro

Chokutanga, UK uye dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzeEU dzisiri chikamu che eurozone chakasvibiswa pamutemo wa Merkel. Vakanga vachinetseka kuti chibvumirano chaizotungamirira kune "maviri-tier" EU. Nyika dzeEurozone dzaigona kugadzira mitemo yakakosha kumamato avo chete. Vaizosiya nyika dze EU dzisina euro.

Chechipiri, nyika dzeEurope dzinofanirwa kubvumirana nekuderedza kushandiswa kwemari. Izvi zvinogona kuderedza hupfumi hwavo, sezvazviri muGreece. Izvo zviyero zvakasiyana-siyana zvakave zvisiri zvematongerwe enyika. Vatsva vanogona kuunza vatungamiriri vatsva vanogona kusiya eurozone kana EU iyo pachayo.

Chechitatu, fomu itsva yemari, Eurobond, inowanikwa. IESM yaizobhadharwa nemari 700 mabhiriyoni ema euro masangano. Izvi zvakanyatsogadziriswa nenyika yeEurope. Kufanana neUnited States Treasurys , zvibvumirano izvi zvinogona kutengwa uye kutengeswa pamusika wechipiri. Nokukwikwidzana neHadurys, Eurobonds inogona kutungamirira kune huwandu hwezvibereko zveUnited States.

Chii chiri pa Stake

Chikwereti chiyeuchidzo sangano se Standard & Poor's uye Moody's aida kuti ECB iende mberi uye ichengetedze chikwereti chema eurozone. Asi mutungamiri weUnited States, Germany, akarwisana nekutama kwakadaro pasina vimbiso. Zvaida kuti nyika dzine chikwereti kuisa maitiro austerity aidiwa kuisa dzimba dzavo dzemari. Germany haina kuda kutora chinyorwa che euro chisina chekungoita kuti vatsigire vatengesi. Vavhoti veGermany havazofari zvikuru pamusoro pokubhadhara mitero yakakwirira kuti vawane mari yebhailout. IGermany inofananidzirawo nezvekukwanisa kuwedzera mari. Vanhu varo vanoyeuka chete zvakanyanya kuwanda kwema1920s.

Vashandi vanonetseka kuti matanho echando achangoderedza chero upfumi hwezvemari. Nyika dzisina maturo dzinoda kuti kukura kubhadhara zvikwereti zvavo. Izvo zviyero zvinotarisirwa zvinodiwa munguva refu, asi zvinokuvadza munguva pfupi.

Zvinokonzera

Chokutanga, kwakanga kusina zvikwereti kune nyika dzakaputsa chikwereti-ku-GDP ratios . Izvi zvinyorwa zvakagadziriswa neEast's founding Maastricht Criteria. Kuregererei? France neGermany zvakare vaishanda kupfuura chikamu. Vangave vanyengeri kuti varatidze vamwe kusvikira vawana dzimba dzavo pachavo. Kwakange kusina mazino mune chero zvipi zvaro kunze kwekudzingwa kubva kuEurozone. Chirango ichocho chisina kunaka chinogona kuderedza simba re euro pachayo. EU yakada kusimbisa simba re euro. Izvo zvinokonzera kuve nhengo dzeEU kwete mu eurozone. Dzinosanganisira United Kingdom, Denmark, neSweden kuti iitore.

Chechipiri, nyika dzeEurope dzakabatsirwa nesimba re euro. Vakanakidzwa nehuwandu hwemari yezvibereko uye kuwedzera kwekutsvaga mari . Zvizhinji zvekuyerera kweguta guru kwaibva kuGermany neFrance kune nyika dzekumaodzanyemba. Izvi zvakasimbiswa zvemari zvakasimudza mubayiro uye mutengo. Izvo zvakaita kuti mairi kunze kwekukwikwidzana. Nyika dzinoshandisa euro dzaisagona kuita izvo nyika dzakawanda dzichiita kuderedza kupera kwemazana . Havana kukwanisa kukwidza chido chekuda kana kudhinda mari shoma. Panguva yekuderera, mutero wemitero wakawira. Panguva imwe chete, kushandiswa kwevanhu vose kwakasimuka kubhadhara kusakosha kwebasa nezvimwe zvipo.

Chechitatu, matanho ehutano hwakakonzera kukura kwehupfumi kuburikidza nekudzivirira zvikuru. Semuenzaniso, OECD yakati zvikwereti zvingangoita kuti Girisi iwane makwikwi. Zvaidiwa kuvandudza hutungamiri hwehupfumi hwehupfumi uye nekubika. Yaiva nehutano kuwedzera kukanganisa kwevashandi vehurumende yepensheni nemubairo. Yaiva tsika yakanaka yezvemari yekuderedza zvigadzirwa zvayo zvebhizimisi. Somugumisiro, kutengeswa kwakasimuka. IOECD inoti Greece inofanira kupedzisira iri pasi pevateresi vemitero. Yakakurudzira kutengeswa kwemabhizimisi ehurumende kuwedzera mari.

Mukudzoka kwezviyero zvakasiyana, chikwereti cheGreece chakagurwa nehafu. Asi zviyero izvi zvakaderedzawo hupfumi hwechiGiriki. Vawedzera kushayiwa basa, kuderedza kushandiswa kwevatengi, uye kuderedza mari inoda kudiwa. Vavhoti vechiGiriki vaidyidzana nehupfumi. Vakapfigira hurumende yechiGiriki kuburikidza kupa nhamba yakaenzana yevhoti kune "hapana chibvumirano" Syriza party. Imwe sarudzo yakabatwa naJune 17 iyo yakakunda Syriza. Panzvimbo pokusiya eurozone zvakadaro, hurumende itsva yakashanda kuti ienderere mberi nechisimba. Mumazuva mazhinji, matanho ehutano achaderedza Greece Crisis Crisis .