Russia Yakagumburwa NeZviso, Mafuta Mafuta uye Mutoro Wakakosha
Nhasi, hurumende inoshandisa mafuta nemafuta chete. Gazprom iri kambani yeRussia inogadzirwa nehurumende, uye ine pfuma huru yepasi pose. Asi ivo vari kuderera, uye mitengo yawa.
Ihurumende ndeyo 69% yeRosneft. BP inofanirwa ne20 muzana uye iyo yose inotengeswa pachena. Asi Rosneft ane matambudziko makuru emari. Mamwe maimbore emabhizimisi enyika ave achibvumirwa.
Nyanzvi nyanzvi dzinobvumirana kuti hupfumi hweRussia hunodzorwa nechemberedzwa ruduku reanligarchs ane simba . Ava vapfumi vanogara muchengeti vavo kana kutarisira mabhizimisi anokosha eRussia. Kusiyana nemafungiro anozivikanwa, Mutungamiri Vladimir Putin haatungamiri maoligarchs. Pane kudaro, anopindirana nekukwikwidza kwavo. Iyi sangano yakatanga muma1400 panguva yekuwedzerwa kweGreat Duchy weMuscovy. Yakashanda kubudirira kuburikidza nehurumende neCommunist regimes.
Mhirizhonga yeRussia muUkraine Yakaiisa MuKutora
Muna 2014, United States neEuropean Union vakaisa mutemo wezvokutengeserana kuRussia muna 2014. Izvo zvakatarisa mabhuku ehomwe ehurumende yenyika. Somugumisiro, vakatumira $ 75 mabhiriyoni kubva munyika.
Ndiyo 4 muzana yenyika yose inotengeswa mune zvemari. MunaJanuary 2015, Standard & Poor yakagura Russia chikwereti chechikwereti kune chisungo chisina kukodzera, nguva yekutanga mumakore anopfuura gumi.
Muna 2015, International Monetary Fund yakanyatsotsanangurira kuti Russia inenge iri mumatambudziko. Zvechokwadi, hupfumi hwayo hwakabvumirana ne 2.8 muzana muna 2015 uye 0.6 muzana muna 2016.
Yakanga isiri kungova zvikanganiso izvo zvakazviita. Upfumi hweRussia hwakanga hwakakonzerwa nemari yakaderera yeirimu uye kuburitsa ruble.
Muna 2014, Russia yakapinda muCrimea kuti ichengetwe gungwa rayo remvura chete. Putin akatsigira vapanduki vaida kubvumirwa kubva kuUU-hutungamiri hwakanaka muUkraine . Zvombo zvehondo zveRussia zvaishandiswa kupfura pasi maMalasian Airlines jet commercial muna July.
Russia Ndiyo Mutengesi Wezvinhu kuEurope
Russia inopa 30 muzana yemafuta eEurope uye 24 muzana yemagetsi ayo chaiwo. Rinoshandisa utsinye sangano rezvematongerwo enyika kuti riwane nzira yaro. Yakapinda muCrimea kuti irambe ichitsvaga kumhenderekedzo yemvura inodziya apo Ukraine yakagadzira kuedza kupinda muEuropean Union. Putin anoziva kuti EU inodedera kudzivirira kuUkraine nokuti haikwanise kurasika simba reRussia.
Dai Putin aizoita izvozvo here? Zvakanaka. Muna 2006, akagura gasi kuUkraine. Gesi yeEurope inofanira kuyambuka neUkraine. Akatora gasi rinotora mubhadharo rakabudirira kutengesa mitengo yakakwirira.
Putin akashandisa simba zvemari kubva kune dzimwe mabhizimisi eEurope. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti zvipi nezvipi zvingasungirirwa pfuma yeRussia zvinokuvadza makambani aya zvakare.
Anowedzerawo kuomesera kune vekugadzira masimba emunyika kuti vawedzere ruzivo rwekugoverana kuRussia. Munguva yakapfuura, Russia ine:
- Akashandura zvibvumirano zvaro ne Royal Dutch Shell uye ExxonMobil.
- Ive nerenda yekambani yeRussia inogadzirwa nemafuta Rosneft yekushanda munzvimbo ye ExxonMobil.
- Akabvumirwa nekambani yeShell ye $ 20 biliyoni yeLiquified Natural Gas purogiramu yeSakhalin-2.
Kune rumwe rutivi, EU inofunga kuti Russia haina zvigadziridzo zvinosangana nezvinodiwa zvayo mune ramangwana rekuda. Kuti uite izvozvo, Russia inoda $ 738 bhiriyoni mukutsvaga kwema2020.
Russia Yakapinda Georgia
Muna 2008, Russia yakashandisa mauto ayo anochengetedza rugare muGeorgia kuti atore guta reGori uye nyika yeAbkhazia. Izvi zvaiva mukupindura kwekuGeorgia kunopinda kweSouth Ossetia, imwe hurumende yakazvimiririra pamwe nemuganhu weGeorgia neRussia. Abkhazia neSouth Ossetia vaida rusununguko kubva kuGeorgia.
Georgia iri mune imwe nzvimbo iri pakati peEurope neAsia.
Icho chinhu chinokosha chekufambisa gasi, mafuta nezvimwe zvinhu kuburikidza nekuvaka Baku-T'bilisi-Erzerum gas pipeline, uye Kars-Akhalkalaki Railroad. Zvechokwadi, Russia yakarwisa nzvimbo iyo inokosha yeBaku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan mafuta pipeline, inowanikwa neBritain Petroleum.
Mutungamiri wekare weGeorgia, Mikheil Saakashvili, akakurudzira masangano eSouth America. Georgia neUkraine, nhengo mbiri dzeWorld Trade Organization , vakatyisidzira kuvhiringidza kusarudzwa kweWTO yeWTO. Germany nedzimwe nhengo dzeUnited States dzakadzivisa US kuedza kupa Georgia neUkraine nhengo yeNATO .
Russia Yakakonzerwa Kudanana neWorld Trade Organization
Russia yakave nhengo yeWTO musi waAugust 22, 2012. Izvi zvakabvumira mabhizimusi eRussia kuwana mikana yepamisika kune dzimwe nyika, zvichibvumira hupfumi hwayo kuwedzera kupfuura simba. Makambani ekune dzimwe nyika akadai saShell, Boeing neFree aigona kuwana zvinobatsiro kubva kune dzimwe sangano, kusanganisira kutsvaga kweRussia yemhepo gas resources.
Muna 2006, Russia neUnited States zvakasaina chibvumirano chinokosha chebhizimisi chakabatsira kubatanidzwa kwayo. Chibvumirano chinoderedza mitengo pamotokari, inowedzera humwe hwemabhizimisi emabhizimisi emari, uye inodzivirira kodzero dzekodzero yekudzivirira. Russia yakasunungura kushivirira kwayo pakuongororwa kwezvinhu zvose zvenyama.
IUnited States yakabvumirawo Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) neRussia. Izvozvo zvinoreva kubvisa kuvharwa kwemazuva eCold War-trade anozivikanwa seJackson-Vanik kuchinja uko kwakabatanidza kushandiswa kweUnited States kubasa rekuenda kune dzimwe nyika dzemakomunisti. Congress yakagamuchirwa PNTR yeUkraine, yakazova nhengo yeWTO muna 2008.
Gazprom naSakhalin-2
Russia iri kugadzirisa kambani yeGesi yekambani yekambani Gazprom kuti inotora gasi rose rega nyika inobereka. Yakawanda iyo yakavimbiswa kuChina , Japan uye dzimwe nyika dzeAsia. Russia iri pedyo nechetatu chezvisikwa zvepasi zvinokonzerwa nemhepo, asi inodzora 20% chete kuburikidza neG Gazprom.
Gazprom akatenga huwandu hwehuyo muSakhalin-2 energy project ye $ 745 mabhiriyoni musi waDecember 15, 2006. Sakhalin-2 ndiyo inoshandiswa yakawanda yegasi-uye-oil drilling pasi rose uye, pamadhora makumi maviri nemakumi maviri emadhora, guru reZimbabwe Direct Investment (FDI) ) muRussia.
Sakhalin-2 ichasvika 10% yeSakhalin Shelf kubva kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweSiberia. Sirifu inofungidzirwa kuva nezviriyoni mabhiriyoni emafuta emafuta uye 17.1 triloni cubic mamita egasi chaiwo. Sakhalin-2 yakatungamirirwa naSakhalin Energy, consortium yeDutch-based Shell Oil uye makambani eJapan Mitsui neDamond Gas (Mitsubishi). Muna 2005, Shell yakapetwa kaviri yekukwana kwayo kukwana kusvika $ 22 mabhiriyoni, uye yakawedzera zuva raifungidzirwa rokupedzisa kusvika muna 2008.
Muna 2006, Russia yakatyisidzira kuti ichadzorera chivako chekuchengetedzwa kwemagetsi, nekuda kwechikonzero icho chaizoparadza nzvimbo dzekudya zvekupedzisira 123 Western Grey Whales, zvichiita kuti dziparadze. Kutyisidzira kwaivawo nzira yekubvumira Gazprom kuwana ruzivo rwechirongwa chekubhadhara kune dzimwe nyika, iro ikozvino 80% rakakwana. Nenzira iyi, Russia yakawana zvakawanda zvebatsiro kubva kumafuta uye gasi rekutengesa.
Chibvumirano chepakutanga, chakasayirwa mumazuva eBelis Yeltsin, hazvina kubvumira Russia kuti inobatsire kusvikira mari yose yakadzorerwa. Apo mafuta emadhorosi akasimuka, Russia yakashandisa masimba ayo ekutonga kuti adzokere zvakare mazwi echibvumirano.
Muna May 2007, Gazprom yakaronga kugadzirira kutenga gasi rose rechisiki rinobudiswa neSakhalin-1, umo Japan ine 30% inotengeswa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti gasi rose rezvisikwa raizoenda kuRussia, uye hapana kuJapan, pasinei nemakore ekutsinhanisa mari uye unyanzvi hwehutano makambani eJapan akaendesa kujekiti. Ichi chiziviso chakauya mwedzi mishomanana pashure pokunge Gazprom atenga huwandu hwehuyo muSakhalin 2.
Sakhalin-1 yakanga yakaoma zvikuru kuti Gazprom atore kupfuura Sakhalin-2, maererano neTass, sangano rekuRussia. Izvozvo ndezvokuti Sakhalin-2 yaive ichiuya pamusoro penhepfenyuro, ichipa hurumende chikonzero choku "kuwana" mitemo yezvakatipoteredza yakanga yaputswa. Sakhalin-1 iri kushanda seyakarongwa, saka hurumende inotora huchava yakanyanyisa uye yakaoma kuronga. (Chinyorwa: The Economist, Georgia neRussia inobata sabers, Kubvumbi 20, 3008; IHT, Kurwisana kunowedzera muCaucasus, August 9, 2008; CIA World Factbook)