Haisi kuwedzeredza kutaura kuti vamwe varimi, vatengesi, uye vanofungidzira - zvichida kunyange iwe - zvingaita zuva rimwe chete kupinda mukutengeserana, zvigadzirwa, kana ramangwana rekuona chete kuti zvinhu zvavakapedza nguva yeupenyu zvese zvakange zvaenda; yakabatwa nevatengesi vekambani nokuti mutengesi akapikira mari yevatengi semari uye akaregererwa pachikwereti.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, idzi dzakasara dzinenge dzisingagoni kudzivirirwa neSIPC inshuwarisi . Kunyange zvazvo kuregererwa kwechikamu kunogona kuitika kuburikidza nematare ekugadzirisa, hapana mavimbiso, zvinenge zvichange zvichitora makore, uye zvinogona kunge zvakanyanya kudzvinyirira.
Kunyanya, pane zvinhu zvishoma zvandinoda kuti iwe uzvitorere kana wapedza kuverenga chikamu ichi:
- Ndinoda kuti iwe uzive tsanangudzo yekutengesa uye tsanangudzo yekudzokazve.
- Ndinoda iwe kuti uzive kuti njodzi idzi dziripi uye pasi pemamiriro api avangaratidza mukurasikirwa kwakanyanya iwe nemhuri yako sezvo mari yako yakatorwa kubhadhara chikwereti chomumwe munhu.
- Ndinoda kuti iwe uzive nzira dzaunokwanisa kuzvidzivirira kuitira kuti iwe unogona kunyanya kuchengetedza kubata kwako.
Ndekupi Kunatsiridza Icho
Izwi rokuti hypothecation rinoreva kutora zvimwe zvinhu uye kuvimbisa sechibvumirano chechikwereti; dhaka iyo inogona kutorwa mukana wekutadza. Somuenzaniso, kana iwe uchitenga imba uye uchitora chikwereti, iwe uri kupinda muchibvumirano chekutengesa nokuti, apo iwe uchichengetedza musoro weimba, kukundikana kubhadhara chikwereti kunogona kuita kuti bhangi kana mutengi achiitore.
Mhando dzakasiyana dzekutengesa zvibvumirano zvinotungamirirwa nenzira dzakasiyana. MuUnited States, zvinowanzova nyore kubata motokari kupfuura iyo imba, iyo yekupedzisira inoda kunyanya kujekesa uye yakabudisa mitezo yezviitiko zvepamutemo sezvo sangano rakafunga kuti hazvigoneki kuti vanhu vawanzobudiswa kunze mumigwagwa kwechinguva chiduku.
Chii chinonzi Rehypothecation Is
Kana munhu kana chikwata chaunoita kana chawakapa chibvumirano - kazhinji chekuchengetedza - chinotendeuka nekukwereta mari, uchishandisa chibvumirano chawakamupa, iye, kana kuti sechibvumirano chavo, izvi zvinodzokorora zvakare.
Mune mamwe mazwi, fungidzira iwe unokwereta mari uye ugoisa mari. Mutengi wepakutanga anotendeuka nekukwereta mari, achidzokorora chibvumirano chako sechinhu chaanoita. Mutengi wako haafaririzve kutonga kwakakwana pamusoro pezvibvumirano kana zvinogona kuitwa nayo; avo vanokweretesa vanoita. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvigoneke nemumwe unozivikanwa se "Federal Reserve Board Regulation T", kana kuti 12 CFR ยง220 - Code of Federal Regulations, Chinyorwa 12, Chitsauko II, Subchapter A, Chikamu 220 (Chikwereti nevatengesi nevatengesi).
Urongwa hunogona kukonzera matambudziko makuru kana zvinhu zvisingakanganisi, kunyanya nekuda kwechimwe chinhu chinozivikanwa se "mutemo arbitrage" apo imba yekutengeserana inotamba mitemo yeUnited States yemitemo yeUnited Kingdom uye inogona kubvisa zvakakwana chero zvipi zvese uye zvese zvinogumira kune nhamba yemari yakagadziriswa iyo inogona kushandiswa kukwereta mari, kubhadhara mari yebets yako pangozi, zvisungo, zvigadzirwa, zvisarudzo, kana zviwanikwa. Kana izvi zvichiitika, yakanzi hyper-hypothecation.
Muenzaniso wekuti Rehypothecation Inogona Kuitika sei muAkaunti yeRhakerage
Chimbofungidzira iwe une $ 100 000 inokosha yeCoca-Cola nhengo dzakasimirirwa mubhuku rekubhadhara . Iwe wakasarudza kuti uwedzere maritare , zvichireva kuti unogona kukwereta pane yako sengo kana iwe uchida, kana kuti uite kubvisa kunze kwekuti uchatengesa zvikamu kana kutenga zvikwereti zvakare. Iwe unosarudza kuti unoda kutenga $ 100,000 yeMutter & Gamble nepamusoro pezvikamu zvako zveCoke uye chikwata iwe uchakwanisa kuuya nemari pamwedzi mitatu kana mina inotevera, uchibhadhara chikwereti chemajeri chakasikwa.
Iwe unoisa muhurongwa hwekutengeserana uye nhoroondo yako iko zvino inosvika $ 200,000 muzvinhu ($ 100,000 muCoke uye $ 100,000 muP & G), ine $ 100,000 chikwereti chekwereti chakweretwa kumutengesi. Iwe uchabhadhara chikwereti pane chikwereti chemahombekero maererano nesungano yebhuku inotungamirira konti yako uye iyo yakaderera-margin yemari inoshanda pakukura kwechikwereti.
(Kana zvikwereti zvinowanikwa pasi, vamwe vatengesi nevanofungidzira vanoshandisa kupararira pakati pezvinyorwa zveassetti uye maranho ekubhadhara mari kuti vaite chimwe chinhu chinozivikanwa sekutakura mari .)
Bhizimisi rako rekubhadhara raifanira kuuya ne $ 100,000 kana iwe uchida kukwereta kuitira kuti ugadzirise hutengesi pawakatenga Procter & Gamble. (Mutevedzeri kune rumwe rutivi rwetafura akanga asingazoregi zvigwaro zvake zvekutengesa kunze kwekuti vaenda nemari mumaoko avo.
Mukutsinhanisa, iwe wakavimbisa 100% yezvinhu zviri muakaunti yako yekutengeserana, pamwe chete nemari yako yose inofanirwa kubhadhara chikwereti sezvawakapa hurumende yako pachako (kana makambani maviri akafamba achienda mune imwe mamiriro akadai asingambofungi - yechokwadi mathematical miracle kune vaviri vekutanga bluji chip stocks munyika - uye kubhadhara kero yako yakaderera kusvika $ 0, iwe unofanirwa kuuya nemari yekubhadhara chikwereti chemari yawakasika iwe, kunyange kana zvaireva kuenda kuzvibhadha iwe pachako) . Iko ndiko kuti, iwe nemutengi wako wapinda muhutano uye zvikamu zvako zvave zvichinyorwa. Izvo zvikwereti zvechikwereti uye iwe wakapa kushanda kunobudirira pane zvikamu.
Imwe mutengesi akauya kupi nemari yawakakwereta? Mune zvimwe zviitiko, mutengesi anogona kukwanisa kubhadhara mari yacho kunze kwekodzero yake kana yezviwanikwa; zvichida zvakanyanya- zvakasarudzwa uye zvichine zvakawanda zvezvino zvisizvo zvisina zvishoma kune chikwereti chinogara chakakomberedza pachiyero chemashizha .
Zvichida yakabudisa zvibvumirano zvehurumende , ichiziva kuti inogona kuwana kupararira pakati pemari yekudhura kwayo uye izvo zvinoshora vatengi. Pasinei nokuti mutengesi wacho anokwereta sei chikwereti, kune mukanano wakanaka kuti, pane imwe nguva, inoda kubhadhara mari yepamusoro pane izvo zvinorehwa nebhuku rayo pachaga zvinogona kupa.
Semuenzaniso, dzimba dzakawanda dzekutengesa dzinoita sangano rekudzivisa mumiririri, seBhange reNew York Mellon, kuti bhagheni ivakweretese mari kuti ibvise kushandiswa, pamwe chete nomubhadhara achigadzirisa nebhanki gare gare, achiita kuti sangano rose riwedzere inoshanda.
Kuti dzichengetedze vashandi vayo uye vagovhani, bhagandi inoda kubhadhara. Iyo mutengesi anotora chikamu cheMutter & Gamble neCoca-Cola iwe wakazvipikira uye unochigadzirisa zvakare, kana kuti unochigadzirisa zvakare, kuBhange reNew York Mellon sechikwata chechikwereti.
Chii Chinoitika Kana Kubhadharwa Kwekodzero Kwakakundikana uye Rehypothecated Assets Inotorwa
Fungidzira chimwe chinhu chinoitika chinokonzera imba yekutengeserana ichikundikana. Zvichida kutungamira kunotakura pamabheti akashandiswa. Zvinowedzera kupfuura iwe unofunga. Kunze kwezvikwata zvezvemari zvakaputsika muna 2008-2009, paiva nevashoma vasvika pedyo uye vakaponeswa nehuwandu hwakakosha hwekudzivirira hunove hwakaderedzwa zvakanyanya.
Chimwe chikuru chakakonzera mutengesi chakanga chakwereta mari yakawanda kuti iite mari yakaiswa muzvikwereti zvezvikwereti , zvichiita kubheja kubhejera pamitengo yekutengesa yakaipa. Yakapona asi kwete pamberi pevateresi vakakanganiswa muhuwandu uye bhizimisi raifanira kuunza muongorori kuti agadzirise kushanda kuburikidza nedambudziko racho.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, Bhizinesi reNew York Mellon kana imwe nhengo kune iyo kana kuti iyo inenge yave yakagadziridzwazve ine yekutanga dibs pamusoro pezvibvumirano (izvi zvakasimbiswa nedzimwe nyaya dzekutonga mudare kubva muna 2012 dzinoisa zvido zvavo pamusoro pezvido zvevatengi ).
Vari kutora chikamu cheCoca-Cola uye Procter & Gamble kuti adzorere mari iyo mutengi akwereta. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti iwe uchatopinda ku account yako uye ona, kana kwete yose, yemari yako, mashizha, zvisungo, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakange zvaenda.
Parizvino, iwe uri muchengeti wechirongwa chebhengi. Iwe unofanirwa kutarisira kuti pane mari yakakwana yakadzorerwa munguva yematare edzimhosva kuti udzorere iwe nenzira imwechete asi iyi yekugadzirisa yose yakanyatsotenderwa. Iwe wakabhadhara zvikwereti zveumwe munhu.
Pasi pemitemo yeUnited States, inofanirwa kuve yakakwanisa kune vatengi vane marginal accounts kuti vazive kuti vangangotarisana nechinetso chekugadziriswa kwezvekugadzirisa zvinokonzerwa nehuwandu hwekugadzirisa huwandu huwandu; somuenzaniso, kana iwe uine kambani ne $ 100,000 uye chete $ 10 000 mune chikwereti chemajeri kuti uwane mari yakakwana yekutenga nzvimbo yakakwana, haufaniri kuiswa pachena kudarika $ 10 000.
Muzvokwadi, izvozvo hazviiti nguva dzose nokuti mamwe mimwe mitemo inoda kuparadzaniswa kwezvinhu zvakakwana-kubhadharwa makambani panzvimbo ino muU.S. uchitevera Kuwedzerwa Kwekukuru hakusi munzvimbo yeUnited Kingdom.
Vashandi vehurumende vanogona, uye vave, vakatamisa mari kuburikidza nevamwe vekune dzimwe nyika, vashandi, kana mamwe mapato nenzira iyo yakavabvumira kuti vabvise zvakakwana miganhu yekudzokorora zvakare. Izvi zvinoreva kuti hazvisi izvo chete zvawakakwereta kune izvo zvingatorwa. Vanogona kuenda shure kwezvose.
MF Global Bankruptcy Inoratidza Dambudziko reRehypothecation
MF Global yakave iyo huru yekutengeserana nepamusoro pezvemari uye yekutengesa mutengesi ane mari inodarika $ 42 biliyoni muzvinhu uye vanenge vanenge 3 300 vashandi. Yakanga ichitungamirirwa naJohn Corzine, Gavhuna 54 weNew Jersey, Senenete reUnited States, uye aimbova mukuru weGoldman Sachs.
Muna 2011, MF Global yakasarudza kuita bheji inofungidzira kuburikidza kutenga mari $ 6.3 mabhiriyoni nokuda kwebhuku rayo rekutengesa muzvisungo zvakabudiswa neEuropean madzishe emarudzi, ayo akange akarohwa zvakaoma nekwerekiti yematambudziko. Gore rakapfuura, kambani iyi yakanga ichitaura mari inokwana $ 1.5 mabhiriyoni, zvichireva kushandiswa kuduku munzvimbo yacho kwaizoguma nekuchinja kukuru kwebhuku rinokosha.
Inosanganiswa nemhando ye-off-balance sheet yemari yakarongeka sechibvumirano chekudzikinura, MF Global yakawana nhamo yakaipa yekuparadzanisa nengozi nemhaka yekutenderera kwezviitiko. Iyi njodzi yakamanikidzwa kuuya nemari yakawanda kuti inosangana nezvakawanda zvayo nezvimwe zvinoda.
Kutungamira kwakarwisa zvinhu zviri muchengeti maakaiti, chikamu chaicho chaisanganisira kubhadhara chikwereti chemari $ 175 mamiriyoni ehurumende muUnited Kingdom kuisa pony kusvika kune mamwe mapato (rehypothecation, mune mamwe mazwi).
Apo chinhu chose chakaurasika uye kambani yakamanikidzwa kutsvaga kuchengetedzwa kwebhengi, vatengi vakawana kuti mari nemari mubhuku ravo - mari yavanofunga kuti ndeyadzo uye yakachengetwa nezvikwereti zvavasina kutadza - yakanga yaenda. MF Global's creditors vakanga vatora iyo, kusanganisira rehypothecated collateral.
Nenguva iyo zvose zvataurwa uye zvaitwa, vatengi veMF Global vakange varasikirwa ne $ 1.6 biliyoni zvezvinhu zvavo. Vatengi vakapandukira, kamwe-kamwe kutarisira zvakawanda pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvakanaka mumabhuku avo, uye vakakwanisa kuwana mutongi anonzwira tsitsi uyo pakupedzisira akabvumirana kugadziriswa kwebhishopu yeimba yakaguma pakatanga kupora kwe 93% yevashandi vachidzorerwa uye vakadzorerwa .
Vazhinji vashandi vanoita kuburikidza nemitemo yakawanda yemitemo vakapedzisa kuwana 100% yemari yavo kumashure nekuda kwechikamu chiduku kune vhidhiyo nekuongorora zvematongerwo enyika. Vaiva nerombo. Munguva iyi, vakashaya pane imwe yemakondohwe akasimba kupfuura mamwe ose mumazana emakore apfuura; mari yavo yakasungirirwa mumakakatanwa emutemo sezvo vaibata mweya wavo kuti vaone kana vaizodzorerwa.
Mumwe muchengeti akanyora nezvehupenyu hwake ne rehypothecation pane bhuku rega rega. Akatsanangura kuti aiva nekambani inokosha $ 19,452.22 paMF Global apo yakashambadzira. Kubva pane izvi, $ 1,900 yaive "mune ramangwana rakakosha (nzvimbo yebheji ye euro)", pamwe ne $ 17,552.22 yakasara pane zvaaifunga kuti "iyo yakasarudzwa uye yakavharwa nekodhi iyo isina mukwereti weMF Global yaive nayo".
Apo MF Global yakazivisa kubhadhara, mari yake yakashaya. Iye oga akazotanga kugamuchira kupora kubva kumusitiri we bankruptcy sezvo kuongorora kwakatumirwa kwaari. Ichi hachisi chinhu chaunoda kuzvionera iwe pachako.
Zvidzivirire Kurwisa Rehypothecation Nokuzarura "Cash Account" paWeb Broker
Nzira yakanakisisa yekuzvidzivirira pakurwisa rehypothecation mukati memari yakawanda yekwereti yekutengeserana ndeyekuramba kutengesa zvigaro zvako pakutanga. Kuita izvozvo zvakajeka: Usasvinudza nhoroondo yepamusoro. Pane kudaro, unoda izvo zvinozivikanwa se "cash account", kana mune dzimwe nzvimbo, "Type 1 account". Dzimwe dzimba dzekutengeserana dzichawedzera huwandu hwemajeri kuburikidza kunze kwekunge zvataurwa zvimwe. Usavabvumira kuti vaite.
Izvi zvichaita kuti kuve nekutengeserana kwemabhizimisi kana zvimwe kutenga kana kutengesa mirairo, kusanganisira yezvigadzirwa zvakadai sekusarudzwa kwezvitoro, zvimwe zvisingakanganisi dzimwe nguva sezvaunofanirwa kunge uine zvikwereti zvakakwana zvemari mukati mekambani kuti uwane kugadzirisa uye chero zvikwereti zvingave zvingasimuka (semuenzaniso , kana ukanyora kunyora kusarudzwa , vachazofanira kuchengetedzwa zvizere nemari) asi inofanira kuigadzirira murugare rwepfungwa. Uyezve, iwe uchange uine nyaradzo yekuziva kuti hauzotaridzi kudanwa kwemajeri kana ngozi kune mamwe mari kupfuura iwe uripo panguva ino.
Uyezve, chengetedza mari yako mune imwe nhoroondo yeAIDS yebhasikiti pane imwe bhanji yebato kana, kana iwe ukapfuura nemiganhu iyoyo, funga kubata mabhizimusi eHarare muDhipatimendi zvakananga neUnited States Treasury Department.