Mari yeZvirevo Zvirongwa uye Maitiro Avanoita

3 Zvigadzirwa zveBhanisi Shandisa Kudzora Nyika Yose

Central mabhangi ane matongerwo matatu ematongerwo emari mashandisirwo: mashizha akasununguka, iyo inoderedzwa purogiramu uye yakachengetedzwa zvinoda. Mazhinji mabhandi makuru anewo zvakawanda zvishandiso zvavanogona. Heanoi matatu matombo makuru uye maitiro avanoshanda pamwechete kuti varambe vachikura mune zvehupfumi .

1. Vhura Mashizha Maitiro

Vhura mashizha emakambani ndeapo apo central mabhandi kutenga kana kutengesa zvigumisiro . Idzi dzinotengwa kubva kana kutengeswa kumabhangi emunyika.

Apo bhenji guru rinotenga zvigumisiro, rinowedzera mari kumabhangi emabhangi. Izvo zvinovapa mari yakawanda yokukweretesa. Apo bhanga guru rinotengesa zvivimbiso, rinovaisa pamabhanhire 'mabheji uye kunoderedza mari yayo. Bhizinesi ikozvino rine zvishoma zvokukweretesa. Bhenji yepamusoro inotenga zvigadzidzo apo inoda hurongwa hwekuwedzera kwemari . Inovatengesa kana ichiita zvinopesana nemitemo yemari .

Nhamba yepamusoro yekutengesa inoshandiswa mumakethe yakazaruka pane steroid. Pamberi pematongerwe enyika , US Federal Reserve yakagara pakati pe $ 700 kusvika ku $ 800 mabhiriyoni eZvigiro zveMariki pabazi racho. Yakawedzerwa kana yakabviswa kuti iite purogiramu, asi yakaichengetedza mukati maro. QE inenge yakadhindwa ichi chikwereti ichi kudarika $ 4 triliyoni muna 2014.

2. Gwaro Rinodiwa

Izvo zvinotarisirwa zvinorehwa zvinoreva mabhengi emari anofanira kuramba achienda usiku hwose. Vanogona kana kuchengetedza kuchengetwa muzvivharo zvavo kana kuti mubhandi. A low reserve requirement inobvumira mabhengi kuti akweretese zvakawanda zvezvinyorwa zvavo.

Inowedzera nekuti inoita chikwereti.

Nzvimbo yepamusoro inotarisirwa ndeyekupikisa. Inopa bhangi mari shoma yekukwereta. Zvinonyanya kuoma kumabhangi maduku sezvo vasina mari yakawanda yekukweretesa panzvimbo yekutanga. Ndicho chikonzero mabanki makuru epamusoro haaiti chikamu chekuchengetedza pamabhanki maduku.

Central mabhangi haawanzoshandura zvinotarisirwa nokuti zvinodhura uye zvinokanganisa mabhengi ejeri kuti agadzirise maitiro avo.

Central mabhangi akawanda anokwanisa kugadzirisa chinangwa chekukweretesa. Iyo inobudirira mugumisiro iwoyo sekuchinja kushandiswa kwekuchengetedzwa nechisimbiso chiduku. Iyo inodyidzwa mari yakawanda inogona kunge inonyanya kuzivikanwa yezvinhu izvi. Heino nzira iyo inoshanda. Kana bhangi isingakwanisi kusangana nemari inotarisirwa, inokwereta kubva kune rimwe bhengi rine mari yakawandisa. Inhara yekutora inobhadhara ndiyo inodyidzwa mari inoshandiswa. Mari iyo inokwereta inonzi inodha mari . Sangano reWorld Open Market rinotarisa chinangwa chekudyidzana kwemari pamisangano.

Central mabhangi ane zvigadzirwa zvakawanda kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti mukana unosangana nechinangwa chacho. The Federal Reserve, Bank of England neEuropean Central Bank inobhadhara chikwereti pane zvidikanwi zvinodiwa uye chero mari yakawanda. Mabhanho haazokweretesa mari yakawanda kudarika yehuwandu hwavanowana kubva kuFed yezviwanikwa izvi. Central mabhangiwo anoshandisa mashizha akasununguka kuti atarisire mari yakadyiwa mari.

3. Discount Rate

Izvo zvinotapudza chiyero ndicho chechitatu chekushandisa. Ndiyo yekuti mabhizimusi makuru anotengesa nhengo dzaro kuti dzikweretere pahwindo rakagadzirisa . Sezvo mutengo wakakwirira, mabhanisi achishandisa izvi kana asingagoni kukwereta mari kubva kune mamwe mabhangi.

Ikoko kunewo kushorwa kunowanikwa. Nzvimbo yezvemari inofunga kuti chero bhangi rinoshandisa firiji rinodonha riri mumatambudziko. Bhengi rakashata rakarambwa nevamwe rinoshandisa firiji iri kutora.

Iyo Inoshanda Sei

Central banking tools inoshanda nekuwedzera kana kuderedza kuwanda kwemari . Ndiyo mari yakawanda inowanika kuisa mari kana kukwereta. Ikowo mari uye chikwereti icho vatengi vanopedza. Ichokwadi chaizvo kupfuura mari inopa . Izvo chete inoumbwa neM1 (mari uye chekuita mari) uye M2 (mari yemusika mari, maCD uye maakaji ekuchengetedza). Saka, apo vanhu vanoti central bank mabhuku anoshandisa mari iyo inopa, ivo vari kuderedza kushanda.

Zvimwe Zvinyorwa Zvimwe

IWatch Reserve yakagadzira zvigadzirwa zvitsva uye zvitsva zvokurwisana nematambudziko emari muna 2008 . Iye zvino kuti dambudziko racho rapera, raregererwa vazhinji vavo.

Asi ivo vakagadzirira Fed kuti vashandise nguva inotevera apo dambudziko rezvemari rakashata.

• Mari yeMarikiti Inopa Mari Inowanikwa Mari
• Term Auction Facility
• Zvebhizimisi Pepa Rokubhadhara Nzvimbo
• Term Auction Kukweretesa Chikwata
• Asset-Backed Commercial Paper Mariko Mutual Fund Zvokushandisa
• Primary Dealer Debt Credit Facility