Zvikonzero Zvitanhatu Zvinoita Kuti Munhu Wese Ari Kukwereta Mari Zvino
Funga nezvazvo sokuti dambudziko rega rega rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda sei kuwedzera hupfumi hwezvinhu. Kana kuwedzerwa kwemari kwakakwirira, zvinoreva rimwe rega rega richifambira nokukurumidza kunotenga zvinhu nemabasa.
Izvi zvinoita kuti zvivepo. Apo velocity iri pasi, dhora rimwe nerimwe harisi kushandiswa kakawanda kutenga zvinhu. Pane kudaro, inoshandiswa kumari yekuita uye kuchengetedza.
Formula
Kuwedzerwa kwemari kunotaridzika uchishandiswa ichi kuenzanisa.
VM = PQ / M
Kupi:
VM = Velocity yemari
PQ = Zita Dzimba Dzimba Dzakawanda . Inotarisa zvinhu uye mabasa akatengwa.
M = Kupa Mari . Central mabhangi anoshandisa M1 kana M2 kuyera mari inopa. M1 inosanganisira mari, vafambi vanoongorora, uye kutarisa kubhadhara kambani (kusanganisira iyo inobhadhara kufarira.) M2 inowedzera mari yekuchengetedza, zvigwaro zvekuisa pasi pe $ 100,000, nemari yemari yemari (kunze kweiyo inowanikwa muIRAs). Sangano reSweden rinoshandisa M2 sezvo iri chiyero chikuru chekupa mari. Handizvo M1 kana M2 inosanganisira zvikwereti zvemari, zvakadai sematokisi, zvisungo , kana zvinhu. Mari inopawo zvakare haina kusanganisira imba yekuenzanisa kana zvimwe zvinhu.
US Velocity yemari
Kuwedzerwa kwemari muUnited States iri pamatunhu ayo akaderera mumamiriro ekupedzisira.
Izvozvo zvinoreva mhuri, mabhizimisi, uye hurumende haisi kushandisa mari iripo kuti vatenge zvigadzirwa nemabasa akawanda sezvavaimboita. Pane kudaro, varikurima kana kuti vachishandisa kubhadhara chikwereti.
Sangano rekutsanangurira mari rekugadzirisa kumisa dambudziko rezvemari ra2008 ringangodaro rakagadzira dambudziko rekusungirirwa . Ndiyo apo vanhu uye mabhizinesi vanochengetedza mari panzvimbo pokuripedza.
Izvi zvakaitika sei? Dutu rakakwana rekuchinja kwevanhu, kuchinja kweHarare Recession, uye zvirongwa zveFed zvakabatana kuti zvigadzike.
Kutanga, Fed yakaderedza mari yakadyidzana mari kusvika kune zero mugore ra2008 uye yakaichengeta ikoko kusvika muna 2015. Kuti mabhanji anotengesa mumwe nomumwe kune zvikwereti zveusiku. Inogadzirisa mukana wekutsvaga kwemazuva mashomanana sezvivako zvekuisa mari, mari yemusika yemari, kana zvimwe zvikwereti zvenguva pfupi. Sezvo mutengo uri pedyo nezero, vaparidzi havana zvigaro zvishoma zvokutenga mari idzi. Pane kudaro, vanongozvichengetedza nemari nokuti inowanikwa zvakafanana kudzoka.
Chechipiri, chirongwa cheFed chekugadzirisa zvikwereti chakashandura mabhengi e " mortgage-backed backed" uye US Treasury inotora chikwereti. Izvozvo zvakaderedza chido chezvibereko pamusana penguva refu, kusanganisira zvikwereti, chikwereti chekambani, uye Pfuma. Mabhangi haaiti chikonzero chikuru chokukweretesa apo kudzoka pazvikwereti zvavo zvakaderera. Nokudaro, vakabata chikwereti chakawedzerwa sezvakawanda zvakachengetedzwa.
Chechitatu, Fed yakatanga kubhadhara mabhizinesi muzvikwereti muna 2008. Izvo zvakaita kuti mabanki ave nechikonzero chikuru chekuchengetedza mari yavo yakawandisa kuti vawane kubhadhara kusingabhadhari panzvimbo pokukweretesa. Mabhangi haagamuchiri zvakawanda muzvikwereti kubva kune chikwereti kuti abvise ngozi. Somugumisiro, mari yakawanda yakasimuka kubva pa $ 1.9 mabhiriyoni muna 2007 kusvika ku $ 1.5 triliyoni muna 2012.
Zvinyorwa zvinodiwa zvakakura kubva $ 43 biliyoni kusvika ku $ 100 mabhiriyoni panguva iyocheteyo.
Chechina, iyo Fed yakatanga imwe imwe chigadzirwa chitsva chinonzi reverse repos . IHed inobhadhara mabhizinesi emari pamari iyo "inokwereta" kubva kwavari usiku humwe. Iko mari haifaniri mari. Iyo inongoita izvi kuti itonge Fed yebhadharo. Mabhanho haazokweretesa mari yakawanda kudarika yavari kubhadharwa muzvibereko pamusana pokugara.
Chechipiri, nokuda kwaDodd-Frank , Fed yakaita kuti mabhangi awane mamwe mari. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti mabhangi anoenderera mberi nekuchengeta mari yakawanda panzvimbo yekuwedzera mari yakawanda kuburikidza nezvikwereti.
IFed haisi yakakwana kupomera mhosva. Congress inofanira kunge yakashanda pamwe neFed kuti iwedzere hupfumi kunze kwekuderera kwemitemo ine mitemo yakawanda yemari . Mushure mokubudirira kweMutemo weEconomist Stimulus Act muna 2009, Congress yakashandura kune zvinokuvadza zvinopesana nemitemo .
Yakatyisidzira kuti ichakanganiswa chikwereti muna 2011. Yakatyisidzira kukwidza mitero uye kuderedza mari nemari yemari muna 2012. Yakanyanyisa kushandisa mari kuburikidza nekutsvaga mari uye kupfigira hurumende muna 2013. Izvi zvinganzwisisikidzika zvakamanikidza Fed kuti ichengetedze mutemo wekuwedzera kwemari yakareba kudarika yaifanira kuva nayo.
Chikonzero chechinomwe ndechekuti Kuburitswa kukuru kwakaparadza upfumi. Vanhu vazhinji vakarasikirwa nemisha yavo, mabasa avo, kana kuchengetedza kwavo basa. Avo vakanga vasina kutyisa vakatya kutenga chimwe chinhu kupfuura izvo zvavaida chaizvo. Vakawanda vaduku vakaenda kukireji nokuti vakanga vasingagoni kuwana mabasa. Iye zvino vari kubhadhara chikwereti chikoro pane kutanga mhuri. Izvi zvinoramba zvichinetseka zvakanyanya.
Pakupedzisira asi kwete zvishoma kuchinja kwevanhu. Bhoomers vachipinda mubasa risina mari yakakwana. Vari kuderedza zvino, panzvimbo yekuwedzera mhuri semakore makumi maviri akapfuura. Izvi zvose zvinoderedza kushandiswa. (Inobva: "Mari Inofanirwa Kutitaurirei NezveKuderera Kwezasi muUnited States?" Federal Reserve Bank yeSt. Louis, September 4, 2014.)
Velocity Money Chart
Iyi chati inokuratidzai kuti kuwedzera kwemari inopa sei hakusi kukura nekukura. Ndiyo imwe chikonzero kune zvishoma zvishoma zvekutengesa mumutengo wezvigadzirwa nemabasa. Sezvo mari yakawanda inopinda muzvikwereti, inogadzira mararamiro emhando panzvimbo.
Velocity yemari 2017
| Gore | M2 | GDP | Velocity | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | $ 4.63 | $ 9.66 | 2.09 | Kudzokorora kweGoo-Steagall . |
| 2000 | $ 4.91 | $ 10.28 | 2.09 | Tech bubble yakatanga. |
| 2001 | $ 5.42 | $ 10.62 | 1.96 | 9/11 kurwisa . EGTRRA |
| 2002 | $ 5.76 | $ 10.98 | 1.91 | Hondo pane Kutyisa . |
| 2003 | $ 6.05 | $ 11.51 | 1.90 | JGTRRA kutengesa mutero. |
| 2004 | $ 6.40 | $ 12.27 | 1.92 | Fed yakawedzera mitengo. |
| 2005 | $ 6.67 | $ 13.09 | 1.96 | Katrina . Bankruptcy Act . |
| 2006 | $ 7.06 | $ 13.86 | 1.96 | Subprime mortgage crisis . |
| 2007 | $ 7.46 | $ 14.48 | 1.94 | Banking liquidity crisis . |
| 2008 | $ 8.18 | $ 14.72 | 1.80 | Stock market crash . Bhoazi mumatoro emafuta . |
| 2009 | $ 8.48 | $ 14.42 | 1.70 | Obama akatora basa. Kudzorera kwakaguma. |
| 2010 | $ 8.79 | $ 14.96 | 1.70 | ACA . Dodd-Frank . |
| 2011 | $ 9.65 | $ 15.52 | 1.61 | Dambudziko rematambudziko . Ndarama inoputika . |
| 2012 | $ 10.45 | $ 16.16 | 1.55 | Pfuma inobereka inopera makore mazana maviri. |
| 2013 | $ 11.02 | $ 16.69 | 1.52 | Bhuku rekutengesa mabhuku. |
| 2014 | $ 11.67 | $ 17.43 | 1.49 | Dollar simba rinowedzera. |
| 2015 | $ 12.34 | $ 18.12 | 1.47 | Dollar inosvika 25%. |
| 2016 | $ 13.21 | $ 18.62 | 1.41 | Low business business investment. |
| 2017 | $ 13.83 | $ 19.39 | 1.40 | Dollar inoderera . |
Kudyidzana Kwemari uye GDP Yomugumo muTrillions, yaDecember. (Kubva: "M2 Mari yeStock pamagumo egore," St. Louis Federal Reserve. "GDP inonzi, Gwaro 1.1.5, ye Q4" BEA. "