Reserve Requirement
Nzvimbo yekuchengetedzwa inoshandiswa inoreva kuwanda kwemari iyo bhagheni inofanira kuchengetedza munzvimbo yeBest Reserve branch bank. Musi waDecember 30, 2010, Fed yakaiisa pa10 muzana yemabhengi ose emabhangi kupfuura $ 58.8 mamiriyoni. Icho chiri pasi ichi chinodikanwa ndechokuti, kana bhengi rinogona kukweretesa.
Inokurudzira hupfumi kuburikidza nekuisa mari yakawanda pakupararira. Chinhu chakakosha chinonyanya kuoma pamabhanki maduku sezvo vasina mari yakawanda yekukweretesa kunze kwekutanga. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, hapana chinodiwa kumabhangi ane zvikwereti pasi pe $ 10.7 mamiriyoni. Zvinotarisirwa zvikamu zvitatu chete zvezvikwereti pakati pe $ 10.7 mamiriyoni uye $ 58.8 mamiriyoni.
Kudyidzana hakuwanzoshanduri nzvimbo yekuchengetedzwa. Chimwe chinhu, zvinodhura zvikuru kuti mabhenji achinje mazano avo uye nzira dzekuita maererano nezvinodiwa zvitsva. Zvinotonyanya kukosha, kugadziridza mari yakadyiwa mari inobudirira kunogadzirisa chiitiko chimwechete nekusavhiringidzwa kuduku uye mari.
Fed Funds Rate
Kana bhengi risina kukwana pairi kuti riwane zvinotarisirwa, inokwereta kubva kune dzimwe mabhanga. Iyo federal money rate iyo mabanki ekufarira anofambidzana mumwe nomumwe kune idzi zvikwereti zveusiku husiku. Mari yakabhadhara uye yakweretwa inonzi inodha mari . Dare reWorld Open Market rinotarisa imwe nharaunda yezvino inodyidzana nemari inowanikwa pane imwe yemisangano yainogara ichigadziriswa.
Kufarira paMvura
Muna 2008, Fed yakabvumirwa kubhadhara chikwereti pane zvigadziro zvekuchengetedzwa uye chero zvipembenene zvakanyanya. Iko ikozvino inogona kushandisa purogiramu iyi kushandura iyo yakadyidzwa mari yehuwandu. Mabhanho haazokweretesa mari yakawanda kudarika izvo zvavanowana kubva kuHedheni yezviwanikwa zvavo.
Reverse Repos
Muna 2013, Fed yakatanga kubvisa reverse repos kumabhenji.
Nheyo "inokwereta" mari kubva kubhangi usiku hwose. Inoripa mubereko kune iyi "chikwereti." Inoshandisa kubata kwayo kweUnited States Treasurys sechibvumirano. Kufanana nezvibvumirano zvose zvekudzikinura, mabhandi haainyore sehomwe. Iyo inofarira iyo inobhadhara ichasimbisa huwandu hwemari yehuwandu sezvo Fed inonyorera zvishoma nezvishoma.
Zvinoda Margin
Musi waNovember 12, 2015, mabhizimusi epakati penyika akabvumirana kukudziridza zvido zvekuvharidzira muChriststep neFed. Chero mhizha yezvemari iyo inokweretesa mari kune varairi kuti vatenge zvigadziro inofanira kudikanwa nezana, kana kuti margin, kuti idzoserwe sechibvumirano. Somuenzaniso, kana mutengesi achida kukwereta $ 100 kwezuva, bhagheni inoda kuti akweretese $ 105. Zvimwe zvishanu zvinyorwa ndezvenzira.
Bhidha yebhangi yezvivigiro ndeye $ 4.4 trillion pamakethe. Nharaunda yacho ingashanda kune zvikwereti zvezororo, mashizha, zvisungo, nezvimwe zvikwereti zvinokuvadza. Icho hachizoshandi kune zvikwereti kutenga Treasurys kana zvimwe zvivimbiso zvakachengeteka. Zvinoumba zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvevhesikiti yekukweretesa misika.
IFid ine simba iri kubva muna 1934 Securities Exchange Act asi harina kuishandisa kubvira kuma1970. Dambudziko rinomutsazve simba iri rekudzikisa mararamiro-kutora zvakaratidzwa nehutano hwemari ye 2008 . Vatsoropodzi vanoti zvinogonawo kuderedza nhamba yevatengesi.
Izvozvo zvinowedzera mutengo kusagadzikana kana pasina zvikwereti zvakakwana zvemari kuti zvibatsire vatengesi kutenga uye kutengesa mumusika kuparara .
Open Market Market
Nzvimbo yakashambadzirwa yekushandiswa kwemakethe ndiyo iyo Fed inoita kuti mabhengi akweretese pane zvaanoda kudyidzana nemari. IHed inoshandisa iyo iyo inotenga kana kutengesa zvigumisiro kubva kumabanki ejeri. Zvinonyanya kutenga zvinyorwa zveChishanu zvinoshandiswa kana zvikwereti zvakachengetwa .
Kutenga kana kutengesa zvigumisiro zvakafanana nekubvisa kana kuzviwedzera kumusika. Dhaka inotenga zvigadziro kubva kumabhangi apo inoda kuti vadonhedze mari yakawanda yehuwandu kuti inosangana nezvayo. Vachaita nokuti iye zvino vane mari yakawanda paruoko uye vanofanira kuderedza mitengo kuti vakweretese mari yose yakawedzerwa. Apo Fed inoda kuti mitengo iwedzere, inopesana. Inotengesa kuchengetedza mabhengi, kuderedza mari yavo.
Sezvo pane zvishomanana zvokukweretesa, vanogona kunyatsosimudza mari yakadyidzana nemari kusvika kune chinangwa cheFed.
Discount Window
IFed inoshandisa firiji iri kutora kuti ikweretese mari kubhengi paFed's discount discount kuti inosangana nezvinodiwa zvinotarisirwa. Iko Fed yekutsvaga purogiramu yakakwirira kudarika iyo yakadyidzwa mari inoshandiswa . Mabhanho anowanzoshandisa mawindo ekuderedza apo asingakwanisi kuwana kamwe kamwe kubhadhara kubva kune mamwe mabheni. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, Fed inowanzoshandisa shanduri iyi mune imwe nguva. Mienzaniso inosanganisira Y2K inotyisa, mushure me 9/11 , uye Great Recession . Dambudziko rezvemari nguva yenguva yakajeka apo iyo yakashandiswa yakashandiswa ichi chinhu.
Discount Rate
Izvo zvishoma zvinotengeswa ndiyo iyo iyo iyo Federal Reserve inokwereta mabhenji kubhadhara pairi iyo inotora hwindo. Iko kazhinji kacho chikamu chepamusoro pamusoro pekudyidzana kwemari. Izvozvo ndezvekuti Fed inoda kuodza mwoyo zvakanyanya kubhadhara.
Kupa Mari
Mari inoshandiswa ndiyo mari yakawanda yemari inobatwa nevanhu. Iko kunotaurirwa nhepfenyuro pamusoro payo kwevhiki se:
- M1, iyo iyo mari uye cheki inotumira
- M2, iyo inosanganisira M1 pamwe nemari yemari yemari , CD , uye mari yekuchengetedza.
Nhepfenyuro inowedzera mari yekupa mari kuburikidza nekuderedza mari yakadyiwa mari, iyo inoderedza mari yebhangi 'yekuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwemari. Izvi zvinovapa mari yakawanda yokukwereta, iyo inopa vatengi mari yakawanda muhomwe dzavo.
Fed's Alphabet Soup
IFed yakagadzira mapurogiramu matsva uye matsva ekurwisana nematambudziko emari . Vakasikwa nokukurumidza, saka mazita akarondedzerwa chaizvo zvavakaita mumagetsi. Izvo zvakaita kuti pave nemafungiro akawanda kune mabhengi, asi vashoma chaizvo.
Zvinyorwa izvi zvakabatanidzwa mune zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinyorwa, zvakadai seM MMIF, TAF, CPPF, ABCP, uye MMF Liquidity Facility. Kunyange zvazvo zvishandiso izvi zvakashanda zvakanaka, zvakavhiringidza vanhu vose. Somugumisiro, vanhu vacho havana kuvimba neFed vavariro nezviito. Iye zvino kuti dambudziko racho rapera, zvishandiso izvi zvakabviswa. Dzvanya pane hyperlink kuti udzidze zvakawanda pamusoro pavo.
- Mari yeMarikiti Inoshandiswa Mari Yokubhadhara Mari (MMIF)
- Term Auction Facility (TAF)
- Zvebhizimisi Pepa Rokubhadhara Nzvimbo (CPPF)
- Term Auction Kukweretesa (TALF)
- Asset-Backed Commercial Paper Mariko Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility (ABCP)
- Primary Dealer Debt Credit Facility.
Mutemo weNyaya yeMari
Nyaya Yezvemari Yezvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvichinyorwa Congress kudunhu reUnited States. Mariri, Federal Reserve Board inopfupisa mhirizhonga yemari yeUnited States, iyo inokanganisa hupfumi, uye maonero eFed nezvemangwana.
Mutungamiri Wekutsvaga anopa mharidzo kaviri pagore kuCongress. Anouya pamberi peKomiti yeSeneti yeBanki, Housing, uye Urban Affairs uye Dare reDare reMari.
Mushumo unofanirwa-unofanira kuverengera chero munhu anoda kuongorora nyanzvi yehupfumi hweUnited States. Zvinosuruvarisa, zvakanyatsojeka uye zvigadzirwa zvekuti zvinowanzorambwa. Kunyange iyo mhizha yezvemari inoteerera hupupuri hweHurumende yeHedheni pane. Vanonyanya kufunga nezvekuti chinangwa chacho chinogona kuchinja, uye kuti chichaita sei pamusika wekutengesa. Zvinosuruvarisa, zvakafanana zvinowanzoitika kumushumo wemwedzi weFed, weBeige Book .