Ndiani Anokwidziridzwa?
IFed's No.1 mandate ndeyokudzora kutsika . Vakatambi vakakurudzirwa mukurwisana nekutengesa kwenyika ndezveZimbabwe Reserve Reserve. Simba ravo rinonyanya kukosha nderekusimudzira mutengo wemari .
Izvo zvipfeko zvakagadziriswa hazvidi kuderedza kuwedzera kwezvinhu kusvika zero.
Kushandisa zvishoma chinhu chinhu chakanaka . Inoita kuti vatengesi vatarire kuti mitengo icharamba ichikwira. Vanotenga zvinhu ikozvino matanho asati asvika kunyanya. Kuwedzerwa kunowedzera kunotadzisa kukura kwehupfumi. Somugumisiro, zvigaro zveFed zvakagadzirisa chinangwa chekutengesa kwezvakakwana zveanenge 2 muzana. Icho chinoshanda kumutengo wekutsvaga kwemukati . Zvinotora zvinokonzerwa nekutengesa kwezvokudya uye zvigetsi zvemagetsi.
Chero rimwe nerimwe chigaro cheFed chakatofanira kutarisana nehupfumi. Asi matambudziko avakasangana nawo uye zvishandiso zvavakashandisa zvakave zvakasiyana chaizvo.
Nguva yeZvigaro Zvakare kubvira muna 1934
Mariner S. Eccles (1934-1948) aifanira kurwisa kutengesa kwenyika. Yakasvika pakakwirira ye18.1 muzana muna 1946. Hurumende dzehurumende dzekupa mabasa ekudzoka veterans dzakakonzera. Iyo Dare Boka rinotarisira kusarudzwa pashure peHondo Yenyika II. Ndizvo zvakaitika mushure meHondo yeVanhu neHondo Yenyika I. Apo kutengesa kwezvinhu kunotora panzvimbo panzvimbo, chigaro cheState Reserve Bank yePhililadelphia chaida kusimudza chido chekuda kuchitarisana nayo.
Eccles, uyo akanga ashanda neMutungamiriri weMutungamiri Roosevelt kurwisana nekuderera kukuru , akamuranga. Uyewo, Dhipatimendi reMariki rakamanikidza Fed kuti ichengetedze chido chezvibereko pasi. Yakanga ichida kubhadhara chikwereti cheHurumende yeHondo Yenyika II pamutengo wakaderera.
Thomas McCabe (1949 - 1951) akaumba nzvimbo yakasimirirwa yezvino Federal Reserve.
Akataurirana neChipatimendi cheMari-Federal Reserve neTruman Administration. Izvozvo zvakagumisa Fed yezvisungo zvekubhadhara chikwereti cheUnited States . Nhamba-shoma yemari inobhadhara inobvumira hurumende yehurumende kuti ipedze zvakawanda. Izvozvo zvinowedzera mari inopa .
William McChesney Martin, Jr. (1951-1970) akarwisana nehutano hwechisimba nehurongwa hwekushaya mari . Akanga ari wekutanga akazvimiririra Fed chair. Akatora 6 muzana yehupfumi asi akabudirira kurwisana kusvikira muna 1968. Akasimudza purogiramu yakatora muna 1965, pasinei neMutungamiri Lyndon Johnson . Asi kushandiswa kweLBJ paGurukota Guru uye Hondo yeVietnam kwakagadzira 4.7 muzana muzana wekuwedzera kwegore muna 1968. VaAmerica vakatenga zvimwe zvekutengeswa, izvo zvakatumira madhora kune dzimwe nyika. Mabhanga ezvokumwe kunze akashandura mari yegoridhe pamusangano we1944 Bretton Woods. Izvo zvakatyisidzira kubvisa zvivako zvegoridhe zve US ku Fort Knox. IFid yakasimudza mitero yekusimbisa kukosha kwechiroro. Asi izvo zvakagadzira dambudziko.
Arthur Burns (1970 - 1979) akazova Fed Chair munguva yeKuwedzera Kwekutsvaga, nguva ya1955 kusvika muna 1982. Mukupfupi, kushandiswa kwemari nyore nyore panguva iyi kwakabatsira kukurudzira kuwedzera mune zvekutsvaga uye kutarisira kwezvishoma. Mukuonazve, apo kutengesa kwenyika kwakatanga kubuda, vatongi vezvematongerwo enyika vakapindura zvishoma nezvishoma.
Kuita kunonoka kupindura kwakaita kuti kuve nemari. Akaedza kushingaira kurwisana nematongerwo enyika ehurumende . Muna 1972, Nixon akapa mvumo yekubhadhara mubhadharo kuti asiye kutengesa. Pane kudaro, zvakanyanya kuwedzera kuderera. Mabhizimisi aisagona kukwidza mitengo, saka vakaisa vashandi. Vashandi havana kukwanisa kuwedzera, saka vanochera kushandisa mari. Burns inoderedza huwandu hwezvibereko zvekurwisana nehupfumi, asi izvo zvakashata zvakanyanya. Paaikwidza mari, yakaderedza hupfumi hwehupfumi. Pakupera kwemaawa ake, United States yakatambudzwa ne stagflation.
Paul Volcker (1979-1987) akarwisa 10 muzana gore negore kutengesa kwenyika kuburikidza nekusimudza mari yeFed kusvika ku20 muzana uye kuichengeta imomo kusvikira kuwedzera kwezvinhu zvichitariswa. Zvinosuruvarisa, zvakagadzira kuderera kwema1981. Volcker yakatora ichi chinoshamisa uye chiito chekuita kuti munhu wose atende kuti kutengesa kwezvinhu kunogona kupedzisira kwaitwa.
Alan Greenspan (1987-2006) akatsigira laissez-faire economics . Ndiyo apo Fed haina kuedza kuisa micromanage pfuma. Inonamatira kune zvakakosha zvinangwa zvekusimudzira hupfumi nekudzivisa kutengesa kwenyika. Aivimba zvikuru neavo vaidyidzana mari yakawanda kuti vabudirire zvinangwa zvake.
Kuti varwisana negurukota re2001, Greenspan akarambidza kudyidzana mari yakawanda kusvika ku125 muzana. Izvo zvakare zvakaderedza chido chezvibereko zvekugadziriswa-kutengesa mari. Mari yacho yaive yakaderera nokuti chido chavo chaive chichibva pane pfupi pfupi yeHurumende yezvikwereti zvinokonzerwa, izvo zvinobva pane zvakadyiwa mari.
Vazhinji veimba yeimba vaisagona kuwana zvikwereti zvekare zvekare vaifara kugamuchirwa nekuda kwezvikwereti izvi . Somugumisiro, chikamu chemari yepa subprime mortgages yakapetwa kaviri, kubva pamapfumbamwe kusvika makumi maviri kubva muzana, yezvikwereti zvose kubva muna 2001 kusvika muna 2006. Pakazosvika 2007, yakakura ikava $ 1.3 triliyoni mhizha. Zvisikwa zvekuchengetwa kwemari kutengeswa uye yemusika wechipiri zvakabatsira kupedzisa kukwidziridzwa kwenyika muna 2001.
Vanhu vazhinji havana kuziva kuti kubhadhara kwavo kwaizongoramba kuri mubhadharo wakaderera kwemakore matatu kusvika mashanu. Greenspan akakwidziridzwa mutengo muna 2004 kurwisana ne3,3 muzana yekupera. Akavamutsira kusvika ku4.25 muzana muna 2005 uye 5.25 muzana munaJune 2006. Pakupera kwegore, kutengesa kwezvinhu kwaive kwakagadzirika 2.5 muzana.
Greenspan yero yekuwedzera inokwidza izvi zvikwereti-vanobata apo nguva yemitengo inoshandiswa. Vaimba vepamba vaibatwa nemitero yavakanga vasingagoni. Panguva imwecheteyo, matengo emba akatanga kuwira, saka havana kukwanisa kutengesa zvimwe. Izvo zvakagadzira masvingo ekutanga. Nokumirira kwenguva yakareba kwenguva refu kusimudza mitero, Greenspan akabatsira kukonzera dambudziko remari ra2008 .
Ben Bernanke (2006 - 2014) yakaratidza kushandiswa kwekutsvaga kwekuwedzera kwenyika senzira yekuisa chinangwa chevanhu chemaFito. Akashandisa mberi mazano ekugadzirisa kutarisira kwevanhu kwekuwedzera kwenyika. Unyanzvi hwake hwakanga huri mubasa reHurumende nemari yemitemo mukudengenyeka. Akasika akawanda matsva ehurumende akachengeterwa mabhuku ekurwisana nematambudziko emari muna 2008 .
Janet Yellen (2014 - 2018) akatanga hurumende yake nokutora Fed yekutenga yeHadurys sezvaakakuvadza kuderedza kuwanda . Panzvimbo yekutengesa kwezvinhu, Yellen aifanira kurwisana nemasimba ekuzvidzivirira.
Jerome Powell (2018 - 2022) akasarudzwa naVaMutungamiri Trump. Sezvo ave ari nhengo yeBur board kubva muna 2012, angave achienderera mberi nemutemo weYellen wekusimudzira chido chekuda. IFed inoda kuva nefodha yemari inowanikwa pa 2.0 muzana. Inopa Fed kukwanisa kuderedza mitengo kana imwe dzimba inoderera. Inobvumirawo mabhangi kutsigira zvakakwana kuti zvikwereti zviite mari inobatsira. Vanoponesa vanobatsirwa nemitengo yakakwirira, iyo inonyanya kubetsera vakaroorana.