Zvikonzero Zvina Zvakaipa-Uye Imwe Nguva Vachikosha
Mamwe makambani anowedzera zvinyorwa kuburikidza nekubatanidza zvakananga . Vanodzora iyo yose yekutengesa , kubva pakugadzirwa kusvika kuchitengesa. Vamwe vanoshandisa kubatana kwakakwana. Vanotenga makwikwi kusvikira vari ivo chete vakasara.
Vamwe, sevashandi, vanonakidzwa nemitemo yehurumende iyo inovapa misika. Hurumende dzinoita izvi kuti dzive nechokwadi chekugadzira magetsi uye kutengeswa nokuti haigoni kushivirira kukanganisa kunogona kuwanikwa pamusana pemabhizimisi .
Zvikonzero Zvina Nei Vachingoipa KuUtori
Monopolies inorambidza kushandiswa kwekutengeserana, kudzivirira misika kubva pakuisa mutengo. Izvo zvinoumba zvinotevera zvinokanganisa zvina:
1. Kubva pane zvinyorwa zvese zviripo ivo vanoga, vanogona kuisa chero matanho avasarudza. Izvozvo zvinozivikanwa semari -kugadzirisa , uye vanogona kuita izvi pasinei nekutsvaga nokuti vanoziva vatengi havana chavanosarudza. Zvinonyanya kuitika kana pane kudiwa kwekutengesa kwezvinhu nezvinhu. Ndiko apo vanhu vasina hukama hwakawanda. Gasoline muenzaniso. Vamwe vatyairi vanogona kushandura kune hukuru hwekutakura kana mabhasikoro, asi vazhinji havagone.
2. Hazviiti chete kuti zvinyorwa zvitsvene zvinokwidza mitengo, asi zvinogonawo kupa zvigadzirwa zvakaderera. Izvozvo zvakaitika mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzemuguta, uko mabhizimisi anochengetedza vanoziva varombo vagari vane dzimwe nzira shomanana.
3. Dzimba dzoga dzinorasikirwa nechinhu chipi nechipi chinokurudzira kugadzira kana kupa "zvitsva uye zvinovandudzwa" zvigadzirwa. Chidzidzo che 2017 neNational Bureau of Economic Research chakawana kuti mabhizimusi eUnited States akashandisa zvishoma pane zvaitarisirwa kubva muna 2000 nekuda kwekuderera kwemakwikwi. Izvozvo zvaiva zvechokwadi kumakambani epafambo kusvikira satori ndiro uye kushandiswa kwepaIndaneti zvikavhiringidza kubata kwavo pamusika.
4. Zvinyorwa zvinokonzera kugadzirwa kwezvinhu . Sezvo vachigona kugadzirisa chero matengo zvavanoda, vanosimudza mari kune vatengi. Inonzi inodhura-kusvuta kutengesa . Muenzaniso wakanaka wekuti izvi zvinoshanda sei Sangano rePetroleum Exporting Countries . Aya gumi nemaviri emafuta-anotumira kunze kweOOPEC ari kutonga iye zvino mutengo we 46 muzana wemafuta anobudiswa munyika.
OPEC inowedzera yemotokari kune imwe chete. Chokutanga, mafuta akawanda anobudiswa nenyika imwe, Saudi Arabia. Iine unyanzvi hukuru kwazvo hwekukanganisa mutengo wega pachayo nekusimudza kana kuderedza zvigadzirwa. Chechipiri, nhengo dzose dzinobvumirana nemutengo wakatarwa naOOPEC. Kunyange zvakadaro, vamwe vanogona kuedza kuderedza mutengo kuti vawane chikamu chiduku chemahomwe. Kusimudzira mutengo weOOPEC haisi nyore. Kunyange zvakadaro, nyika dzeOOPEC dzinoita zvakawanda pamubhairi wemafuta kupfuura zvavakaita pamberi peOpec. Iko simba rakasika OPEC mafuta embargo muma 1970.
Ndezviitiko Zvitsva Zvichida Zvakanaka Here?
Dzimwe nguva kugadzikana kunokosha. Inogadzirisa kusununguka kwekugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa kana kushanda iyo ine yakakwirira zvikuru-yepamusoro mari. Muenzaniso ndeyemagetsi uye mvura inoshandiswa mvura. Zvinodhura zvikuru kuvaka mishonga yemagetsi kana madhesheni, saka inoita kuti upfumi huve nehupfumi hubvumira kuti zvinyorwa zvitsvene zvinodzora mitengo yekubhadhara mari idzi.
Hurumende uye hurumende dzenharaunda dzinodzora makambani aya kudzivirira mutengi.
Makambani anobvumirwa kugadzirisa matengo kuti adzorere mari dzavo uye mari inobatsira.
PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel anotsigira zvakabatsiro zvekugadzira mumwe munhu. Iyo ikambani "yakakosha pane zvainoita kuti hapana imwe ikambani inogona kupa chinotsiva chinotsiva." Vanopa vatengi zvimwe zvisarudzo "nekuwedzera zvikamu zvitsva zvehuwandu kunyika."
Anoenderera mberi achiti, "Makambani ose anofara akasiyana: Mumwe nomumwe anowana kugadzirisa nekugadzirisa dambudziko rakasiyana-siyana. Makambani ose akakundikana akafanana: Vakundikana kupukunyuka makwikwi." Anokurudzira vashandi vezvematongerwo enyika kutarisa "Ndeupi kambani inokosha hapana munhu anovaka?"
Monopolies muUnited States
Monopolies muUnited States haisi pamutemo, asi Sherman Anti-Trust Mutemo inovadzivirira kushandisa simba ravo kuwana zvigaro. Congress yakagadza iyo muna 1890 apo maitirwo enyika aiva netariro.
Rimwe boka remakambani raizogadzira chivimbo chekugadzirisa mitengo yakaderera zvakakwana kuti utakure makwikwi kunze kwebhizimisi. Pane imwe nguva vainge vaine munhu mumwe chete pamusika, vaizosimudza mutengo kuti vawanezve mari yavo.
Chivimbiso chinonyanya kuzivikanwa chainzi Standard Oil Company. John D. Rockefeller aiva nemafuta ose ekugadzira mafuta, akanga ari muOhio, muma1890s. Akasununguka kuti aite kuti atonge mutengo wamafuta . Akashungurudza makambani emigwagwa kuti amubhadhara mutengo wakaderera wekutakura. Apo Ohio akatyisidzira mutemo wekumutemo kuti amusiye kunze kwebhizimisi, akatamira kuNew Jersey.
Muna 1998, Dare reDunhu reUnited States rakapa mutemo kuti Microsoft yakanga isiri pamutemo. Yaiva nechinzvimbo chekutonga sehurongwa hwekushandisa zvemakombiyuta ega uye yakashandisa izvi kutyisidzira mutengi, chipmaker Intel. Yakaitawo kuti vashandi vekombiyuta vasave nehuwandu hwekombiyuta. Hurumende yakaraira Microsoft kuti igoverane ruzivo pamusoro payo yehutachiona, zvichibvumira vatwikwidzi kukudziridza michina yakawanda inoshandisa Windows platform.
Asi kuvhiringidzika kwekombiyuta yakaita zvakawanda kukanganisa kukanganisa kweMicrosoft kudarika basa rehurumende. Vanhu vari kuchinja kune zvigadzirwa zvefoni, zvakadai semapiritsi nemafoni efoni, uye sangano reMicrosoft rekushandisa iyo majaira harina kufarirwa pamusika.
Google inenge inenge iine hutsvene pamusika wekutengesa internet. Vanhu vanoshandisa Google ye 65 muzana yezvose zvitsvaga. Vavhigiri varo vakanyanya, Bing yaMicrosoft ne Yahoo, vanokwana 34 muzana pamwe chete. Asi Google inogara ichitsvaga maitiro ekutsvaga kwekutsvaga kuti ibatsire iyo kudzora 80 muzana yezvese zvekutsvaga zvakashambadzira.
> Sources:
> "Nhatu Dzinofarira 'Kugadzirwa Kwemaoko,'" The Wall Street Journal, Gumiguru 13, 2014
> "Sherman Anti-Trust Act," American.gov archive
> "Long Microsoft Anti-Trust Case Inopfuura," Seattle Times, May 11, 2011
> "Google Monopoly Haisi Icho Chinzvimbo," Businessweek, Nyamavhuvhu 23, 2011