Mirayiridzo Ita Kuti Mari Yako Ive Yakachengeteka Here?
Muma1980, hurumende yehurumende yakatanga kuderedza . Yakanga ichida kubvumira mabhangi eSU kuti ave akasimba kumakwikwi enyika yose. Izvozvo zvakagadzira dambudziko guru. Nyika dzedzimwe nyika dzakapa mhosva mitemo yebhishopi yeUnited States yegore ra2008 dambudziko rezvemari .
MunaNovember 2008 G-20 yakashevedzwa kuWashington kuti iwedzere mitemo yehedge funds nemamwe makambani emari. Panguva iyoyo, yakanga yanyanyisa.
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act
Muna 2010, Sénator Frank Dodd neCongressman Barney Frank vakapedzisira vaita shanduko yebhangi . Basa ravo rinoda kuti mabhangi awedzere mari yavo. Inopa Federal Reserve kodzero yekuparadzanisa mabhanga makuru kuitira kuti irege kuva " yakakura kukundikana ." Icho chinopedza zvidzidzo zvehedge mari, zvigadzirwa uye zvekutengesa vatengesi. I " Volcker Rule " inorambidza Wall Street mabhanki kubva mune dzimba dzekudzivirira mari kana kushandisa varimi 'mari yekutengeserana mabhizimusi nokuda kwebatsiro ravo.
Dodd-Frank akagadzira Consumer Financial Protection Agency pasi peSouth Treasury Department . Izvi zvinopa zviti kodzero yekugadzirisa mabhengi uye kukwanisa kudarika mitemo yehurumende yekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu. Inokurudzirawo sangano rakasununguka rine kodzero yekudzokorora njodzi dzakarongeka dzinosanganisira iyo yose yezvigadzirwa zvemari.
Iyo inoderedza kushanda kukuru kuburikidza kupa vashandi vheti risingaregi. Dare rekutanga rakarongedzwa muna 2009. Gwaro rekuchengetedza mabhangi rakaidzivirira. Nezvimwe, ona Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act .
Mitemo muna 2013
Mukuwa kwegore ra2013, Federal Reserve yaida mabhanga makuru kuwedzera mamwe emvura. Izvozvo zvaireva kuti vaida zvinhu, sa Treasurys nezvimwe zvisungo zvehurumende, vanogona kukurumidza kutengesa nemari kana imwe dambudziko rezvemari rakagadziriswa.
Izvi zvakanyanya kuwedzerwa zvaiva nemimwe migumisiro. Mabhenji makumi maviri nemashanu makuru akawedzera kubatanidzwa kwezvibvumirano ne 88 muzana pakati peFebruary 2013 naFebruary 2015. Izvozvo zvakakonzera michero yeHarare Treasures pasi, kunyange zvazvo hupfumi hwaive huri nani uye mari yekutengesa yakanga ichiwedzera. Kuti uwane zvakawanda pamusoro pekuti izvi zvinoshanda sei, ona MaBonds Anobata Sei Market Market?
Mari yeFed's yakaderedzawo mari yakawanda mumushamba wezvisungo pachayo. Mabhengi mazhinji akabatanidzwa pazvisungo panzvimbo pokutenga nekuvatengesa. Izvozvo zvaiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuwana vatengi kana zvichidiwa. Kuderedza kuderedzwa kwemvura kwakadai kungave kwakakonzera kuvharana kwechibvumirano gore ra2014. Mutemo weFed unogona kuita kuti bhizimisi rebhizimisi riwande zvikuru. Panguva imwe chete, inoderedza mikana yebhangi rimwe nerimwe risina kukwana. (Chinobva: "Inzwiwa pamugwagwa," The Wall Street Journal, Chivabvu 11, 2015.)
Mitemo Ichaita Kuti Ive Nechimwe Dambudziko Here?
Iyi mitemo ingadai yakadzivisa kukanganisa kwakafanana neLehman Brothers kubva mukubata hupfumi uye hurumende isingarindi. Vanochengetedza vatengi kubva kune mari isina kukodzera uye chikwereti chekwereti.
Mitemo haigone kudzivirira rudzi rwezvinhu zvitsva izvo zvakagadzira zvigadzirwa sekwereti swa swaps . Mabhizimusi anogadzira michina inobatsira mune zvisingatarisirwi.
Vatongi havagoni, uye havafanirwe, vadzivisa izvi zvitsva. Zviri kune vanhu kuti vazive ivo pachavo uye varambe vakangwarira pavanenge vaita zvisarudzo zvemari. (Kubva: "Kuchinja Kwemari," Economist, June 17, 2009.)
Obama Aifanira Kuita Zvakawanda Here?
Mumusangano wake muna 2008 , Barack Obama akapikira mitemo yakaoma yekutengeserana. Aida kurongedza zvirongwa zvinotungamirira, kunyanya avo vanotarisira mabhengi anokwereta kubva kuhurumende. Aida kugadzira boka rekupa mazano emari , kuvandudza kusvinura kwekutsvaga mari, uye kupararira pamabasa ekutengesa aigona kutengesa misika.
Rimwechete rakasarudzwa, Mutungamiri Obama akaisa pamwe boka rezvemari rakatsigira mamwe mapurisa emitemo. Obama akagadzwa kuva musangano weFrederal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker kuenda kuEconomist Recovery Advisory Panel.
Volcker inopomera dambudziko rezvemari pamusana pekusagadziriswa kwemashoko emari yezvemari. Iye mutsigiri anozivikanwa wezvisungo zvakasimba.
Sangano reSturities and Exchange Commission riri pakati penyika yezvemari mitemo. Mutungamiri Obama akagadza Maria Schapiro sechigaro. Akanga ari mumwe mubatsiri wekuwedzera mitemo. Chimwe chezvinhu zvokutanga zvaakaita ndezvekuwedzera mitemo pane SEC pachayo.
Sangano reState Reserve rakatora makambani ayo akanga akakura zvikuru kuti asakundikana , saAmerican International Group Inc. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation inotarisira kuendesa mabhanji mabhizimisi vasati vaenda kubhadhara. Asi masangano aya haana kuvhara hedge funds nekutengesa vatengesi.
Sarbanes-Oxley
Muna 2002, Congress yakapa Sarbanes-Oxley Mutemo . Yakanga iri nzira yekurairira kune zvinokonzera kushamwaridzana paEnron, WorldCom naArthur Anderson. Sarbanes-Oxley aida vatungamiri vepamusoro kuti vazive ivo pachavo vhesi dzekambani. Kana kubiridzira kwakafuridzirwa, vatongi ava vangatarisana nemhosva dzepamutemo. Panguva iyoyo, vakawanda vaitya kuti mutemo uyu waizovhiringidza vatungamiri vakakodzera kubva kutsvaga nzvimbo dzepamusoro.
Girazi-Steagall Kudzokorora
Muna 1999, Congress yakadzura Glass-Steagall Act . Kudzorerwa kunobvumira mabhengi ezvokutengeserana kuti atsire muzvigadzirwa uye ruzhowa mari. Izvo zvakabvumirawo mabhengi ekutsvaga kutora mari. Yakaratidza kushanduka kune kubvumira mutengesi kuzvitonga. Somugumisiro, makambani akafanana neCitigroup inotengeswa muchikwereti swaps swaps. Aya makambani aida mabhiriyoni mubhailout mari muna 2008.