Avo Avo Vasingadzidze Kubva Smoot-Hawley Vanotongerwa Kudzokorora
MunaJune 1930, Smoot-Hawley yakasimudza mitero yepamusoro yeUnited States kune dzimwe nyika inotengeserwa zvekurima. Chinangwa chaiva kutsigira varimi veUnited States vakange vaparadzwa neDust Bowl .
Panzvimbo pokubatsira, iyo yakakonzera mutengo wezvokudya kune veAmerica vakanga vatotambura neApression. Yakamanikidzawo dzimwe nyika kudzorera nemari yavo. Izvozvo zvakamanikidzwa kutengeserana kwenyika pasi ne 65 muzana.
Smoot-Hawley yakaratidza kuti kuchengetedza kwekutengeserana kwekutengeserana kwakadini kwehupfumi hwepasi rese. Kubva panguva iyo, vatungamiri venyika vanotsigira zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana zvinokurudzira kuwedzera kwekutengeserana kwevose vanobatana.
Nhoroondo
America yakanga ine mhando dzakawanda dzehupfumi hwemadzitateguru isati yasvika. Inenge 25 muzana yeAmerica vaiva varimi.
Pakazosvika 1915 na1918, mutengo wezvokudya wakawedzera sezvo nyika yakadzoka kubva muHondo Yenyika I. Kudiwa kwekudya kwakagadzirwa zvishoma mumapurazi. Pakazosvika ma1920, varimi vakanga vatora chikwereti kubhadhara kukura nekubhadhara nyika. Asi sezvo Europe yakadzoka, zvigadziro zvekudya zvakangoerekana zvadzokera kune zvakajairika. Vashandi vane zvikwereti vakatarisana nevanoparara.
Congress yakada kudzivirira varimi veAmerica kubva kune zvishoma zvishoma zvekurima zvekurima.
Yakange yakaronga zvimwe zvikwereti kuti zvitsigire mitengo uye kupa mari kune dzimwe nyika, asi Calvin Coolidge akavadzora vose. Saka Congress yakashandura zano rayo. Yakatsvaga kukwidza mitero yepurazi kusvika pamatunhu akafanana semitengo yezvinhu zvakagadzirwa. Kurera mutero wakashanda ne Fordney-McCumber Tariff muna 1922.
Mutemo we1930 Mutengo unotumidzwa nemasangano ayo. Mutungamiri weColonel Willis Hawley weOregon ndiye ari sachigaro weNzira dzeNzira uye Means Committee. Sénata Reed Smoot aida kudzivirira bhizinesi rebhizinesi reku shuga mumusha weku Utah.
Sezvo bhiri iri rakakurira nzira yayo kuburikidza neCongress, mutongi wega wega aida kuwedzera kuchengetedza kwezvematongerwo enyika. Pakazosvika 1929, mushumo unorayirwa zvekutengeswa kwema 20,000 zvakatengeswa zvinhu.
Economists, vatungamiri vebhizimisi uye pepanhau vatsoropodzi vakapikisa zvachose mushumo. Vaiziva kuti yaizova chipingamupinyi kumabhizimisi enyika . Dzimwe nyika dzaizodzorera. Izvo zvinotengeswa zvinotadzisa zvakare kutengesa mitengo.
Congress yakaitirana nharo pamusoro pemutemo wehurumende sezvo misika yematengesi yakakundwa munaOctober 1929 . Pakati pemushandirapamwe wehutungamiri wehurumende, Herbert Hoover akataura nezvehuwandu hwehutano hwakasiyana. Sezvo mutungamiriri, akanzwa achimanikidzwa kuita zvakanaka pane zvaakavimbisa.
Kubatsira Kwazvo Kwakaita Kuti Pave Nokudengenyeka
Nguva yekufambiswa kwebhadhiro kuburikidza neCongress yakagadzirisa mutengo wemabhizimisi.
- May 28, 1929. Smoot-Hawley inopfuura imba. Nhamba dzemabhiza dzinodonha kusvika 191 mapeji.
- June 19. Senate Republicans inoronga bhiri. Masoko emakemikari, achirova nhamba yepamusoro ye 216 musi waSeptember 3.
- Gumiguru 21. Seneti inowedzera mitero kune zvisiri zvekurima. Black Black Thursday market market crash.
- Gunyana 31. Mutungamiri weHurezidhendi Hoover anotsigira bhiri. Vatorwa vanotanga kubvisa mari.
- March 24, 1930. Senate inotora mutemo. Bato rinowira.
- Gumiguru 17, 1930. Hoover inoratidza kuti mutemo uri mutemo. Nhamba dzinosvika kusvika 140 munaJuly.
Mitero yakamanikidzwa kutengesa mutengo kusvika 45 muzana. Mamiriyoni eAmerica akanga achangobva kurasikirwa nezvinhu zvose mumushambadzi wepamusika. Usiku huno, kutengeswa kwakava mararamiro asina kunaka kune vose asi vapfumi. Zvaiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kune avo vakarasa mabasa avo kuti vawane chero chinhu kunze kwezvinhu zvekumba.
Canada, Europe nedzimwe nyika dzakakurumidza kudzorera kuburikidza nekusimudza mitero yekutengeswa kweUnited States. Somugumisiro, kutengeswa kwakabva kune $ 7 mabhiriyoni muna 1929 kusvika kune $ 2.5 mabhiriyoni muna 1932. Kutengeswa kwezvirimwa kwakasvika kune chetatu chezera ravo ra1929 muna 1933.
Kuburitsa kwepasi pose kwakaderera 65 muzana. Izvozvo zvakaita kuti zvive nyore kune vaiti veAmerica kuti varambe vari mubhizinesi.
Semuenzaniso, kutengesa kwezvinhu zvisingadhuri zvakakoswa kwemakumbo emvere zvakasimuka ne 140 muzana. Zviyero mazana mashanu zvekuAmerica zvakashandiswa 60 000 vashandi kushandisa zvidzitiro kuita zvipfeko zvishoma. US vashandisi vekutengesa vakatambura nemitengo pazvinhu 800 zvavakashandisa. Panguva iyoyo, kutengeserana kwaiva ne5 muzana yemiti yakawanda yemiti .
Zvidzidzo zveSmoot-Hawley Nhasi
Mutungamiri Donald Trump vanokurudzira kudzokera kune kuchengetedzwa kwebhizimisi kuwedzera mabasa eSU. Akabva abva kubva kuTrans-Pacific Partnership , iyo huru yekutengeserana kubvumirana kubva NAFTA . Akatyisidzira kubvunzurudza zvakare NAFTA kana Mexico yakaramba kubhadhara mari ye $ 20 mabhiriyoni. Akanyeverawo kuMexico neChina kuti aizomutsa mitero ne30 muzana kuti aderedze mari yeUnited States nematambudziko iwayo.
Kudzivirirwa kwaizova nemigumisiro yakaipisisa muna 2017 kupfuura iyo yakaitwa muna 1929. Ndiyokuti kutengeswa kwezvinhu zvino kunosvika 13 muzana yeUnited States GDP . Yakawanda iyo ndiyo mafuta, ndege dzekutengesa nemotokari. Aya maindasitiri anotambudzika zvikuru kubva muhondo yezvokutengeserana. (Sources: "Smoot naHawley, maMweya emitengo yakapfuura, Rumbidzai White House," Guardian, January 29, 2017. "Smoot-Hawley Tariff uye Great Depression," CATO Institute, May 7, 2016.)