Chikonzero nei hurumende inoshandiswa inokurudzira kukura uye kutengesa
Muongorori weBrithani John Maynard Keynes akatanga chidzidzo ichi muma1930s. Iko Kuwedzerwa Kukuru kwainge kwakashora zvose zvaiitwa kare kushanda. Mutungamiri Roosevelt akashandisa mari yechiKnesien kuti aite purogiramu yake yakakurumbira yeNew Deal . Mumazuva ake zana ekutanga muhofisi, FDR yakawedzera chikwereti ne $ 4 bhiriyoni kuti iumbe masangano matsva nemitemo 16. Somuenzaniso, yeMabasa Progress Administration yakaisa vanhu mamiriyoni 8.5 kushanda. The Civil Works Administration yakagadzira mamiriyoni mana emabasa ekuvaka.
Zvinyorwa zvakatsanangura mazano ake muThe General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money . Yakabudiswa munaFebruary 1936, yaive yekuchinja. Chokutanga, yakataura kuti hurumende yaishandiswa yakanga iri chinhu chinonyanya kukosha kutengesa kudiwa kwevanhu . Izvozvo zvaireva kuwedzera kwemari kunowedzera kudiwa.
Chechipiri, Keynes akataura kuti kushandiswa kwehurumende kwaidiwa kuchengetedza basa rakakwana.
Zvinyorwa zvakasimudzira kukanganisa kushandiswa panguva yechikamu chebasa rebhizimisi.
Asi mumakore achangopfuura, vezvematongerwo enyika vakashandisa iyo kunyange panguva yekuwedzera . Kutadza kwaMutungamiri Bush Bush muna 2006 uye 2007 kwakawedzera chikwereti. Yakabatsirawo kugadzira chikwata chakatungamirira kumatambudziko emari muna 2007. Mutungamiri Trump ari kuwedzera chikwereti panguva yekusimudzika kwehupfumi hwehupfumi. Izvo zvinotungamirirawo ku-bundu -uye-bust cycle .
Keynesian Versus Classical Economic Theories
Nhoroondo dzezvemari dzezvemari dzinokurudzira laiss-faire mutemo . Inoti yemusika wakasununguka unobvumira mitemo yekugovera nekuzvida kuzvizvi-kutonga bhizinesi. Iyo inotaura kuti kusagadzikana kwehupfumi huchaita mararamiro anobudirira oga. Ichaita kuti masangano ega ega ave neyezvikonzero zvekugadzirwa . Zvinhu izvi zvina ndezvekushambadzira, hupfumi , zviwanikwa , nekushanda . Muchirevo ichi, vashandi vebhizimisi vanoshandisa nzira dzakanakisisa dzekuwedzera mari .
Nhoroondo dzezvemari dzedzidzo dzinotsigira hurumende shoma. Inofanira kuva nebhadharo yakatarisa uye inokonzera chikwereti chiduku. Kushandiswa kwehurumende kune njodzi nokuti inopinda kunze kwekutsvaga kwega. Asi izvi zvinongoitika chete apo hupfumi hahusi muhupfumi. Mukudaro, hurumende inokwereta ichakwikwidzana nezvisungo zvehurumende. Chigumisiro ndicho chikwata chapamusoro chemari, iyo inokweretesa mari inodhura. Kana kukanganisa kushandiswa kunowanzoitika panguva yekuderera, hazvizosimudziri mari yezvibereko. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, ichowo hachizogadziri kutengeswa kwega.
Kurwiswa
Sangano-side economists rinoti kuwedzera kwebhizimisi kukura, kwete kudiwa kwevatengi, kuchawedzera hupfumi. Vanobvumirana hurumende inobata basa, asi mutemo wehurumende unofanirwa kutora makambani.
Vanovimba nemitengo yekero uye kuregererwa.
Vatsigiri vekucheka-pasi kwezvemari vanoti yese inotarisirwa nehurumende inofanira kubatsira vapfumi. Sezvo vapfumi vadzidzisi vemabhizimisi, zvikomborero kwavari zvichawira pasi kune vose.
VaMetetarists vanoti mutemo wemari ndiyo chaiyo mutyairi webhizimisi. VaMetetarist vakaita saMilton Friedman vanopomerwa kudengenyeka kwepamusoro-chema. Vanotenda kuti kuwedzera kwemari inopa mari ichagumisa kudzokera uye kukura kukura.
Vanhu vanoita zvematongerwo enyika vanozvidza Chiknesianism nokuti hazviendi zvakakwana. Vanotenda hurumende inofanira kutora danho rinoita kuti richengetedze hurumende inofanana. Izvi zvinoreva kuva nehumwe zvinhu zvekugadzirwa. Mazhinji hurumende dzehutongi hune simba rwenyika, utano hwehutano, uye dzidzo.
Kunyanya kukosha kune maKomonisiti . Vanotenda vanhu, sekumirirwa nehurumende, vanofanira kuva nezvose.
Hurumende inodzora zvachose hupfumi.
Keynesian Multiplier
Iko kuwedzera kweChinnesian kunomiririra kuti zvinoda mari ipi yega yehurumende inoshandisa mari inogadzira. Semuenzaniso, kuwedzera kwemaviri kunobhadhara $ 2 yezvakakomba zvemugadziri wemari ye $ 1 yemari yekushandisa. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzezvemari dzinobvumirana kuti muchengeti weClénesian mumwe. Mari imwe neimwe 1 iyo hurumende inopedza inowedzera $ 1 kukura kwehupfumi. Sezvo hurumende inoshandisa iyo chikamu cheGDP, inofanira kuva nechinangwa ichi.
Iko kuwedzera kweChinnesian inoshandawo kune kuderera mukushandisa. I International Monetary Fund inofungidzira kuti kuderedzwa kwemari yehurumende panguva yechinyakare inowedzera 1.5 kana kupfuura. Hurumende dzinoramba dzichikwanisa kuisa zvikwereti munguva yekuderedza dzimba dzinotora $ 1.50 kubva muGDP nokuda kwemari yega yega yega.
New Keynesian Theory
Muma1970, zvinyorwa zvinotarisirwa kuti theorists vaitirana nharo pamusoro pechirevo cheChinnesian. Vaiti vateresi vaizofungidzira chikwereti chakakonzerwa nekushaya mari yakawanda. Vashandi vaizoponesa nhasi kubhadhara chikwereti chamangwana. Kukanganiswa kwemari kunokonzera mari, kwete kuwedzera kudiwa kana kuwedzera kwehupfumi.
Izvo zvinotarisirwa zvidzidzo zvakafuridzirwa neNew Keynesian. Vakataura kuti mitemo yemari yakanyanya kudarika chinangwa chemari. Kana zvakaitwa zvakanaka, mutemo wekuwedzera wemari unenge usina kukanganisa kukosha kwekushaya mari. Central mabhangi haadi vanyori vezvematongerwo enyika 'kubatsira kutarisira hupfumi. Vaizogadzirisa chete mari inowanikwa.
Mienzaniso
Mutungamiri Roosevelt akapedza Kukura Kwekukuru nekushandisa purogiramu yekusika mabasa. Akasika Social Security, US mamiriyoni mubhadharo , nemitemo yebasa revana. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation inodzivirira bhanki kumhanya nekuisa insimi mari.
Mutungamiri Reagan akavimbisa kuderedza kushandiswa kwehurumende nemitero. Akadana idzi mitemo yeRepublican reReaganomics . Asi panzvimbo yekucheka mari, Reagan yakawedzera bhajeti 2.5 muzana gore negore. Akawedzera mari yekuzvidzivirira kubva kubva ku $ 444 mabhiriyoni kusvika ku $ 580 mabhiriyoni pakuguma kwegwaro rake rokutanga. Akacherawo mitero yemari uye yekambani yemutero . Panzvimbo pokuderedza chikwereti, Reagan kanopfuura kaviri. Asi izvozvo zvakabatsira kuguma kwenyika ye1981.
Bill Clinton wezvematongerwo enyika ekuwedzera inokurudzira makore gumi ekubudirira. Akasika mamwe mabasa kupfuura chero mumwe mutungamiri . Imba yega yega yaiva 67.7 muzana, iyo yakakwirira kwazvo yakambokanyorwa. Urombo hunoenda ku11,8 muzana.
Mutungamiri weAmerica Obama akagumisa Great Recession neEconomist Stimulus Act . Chiito ichi chakashandisa $ 224 mabhiriyoni muhuwandu hwekushaya mabasa , dzidzo, uye utano hwakanaka. Yakagadzira mabasa nekupa $ 275 mabhiriyoni muzvibvumirano zvehurumende, zvipo, uye zvikwereti. Inotema mitero ne $ 288 mabhiriyoni. Obamacare yakaderedza kukura kwehutano hwekutarisira .