Chikonzero nei Nhamba Yezvakaipa Haisi Nguva Yose Yakarurama Yakagadzikana yeEconom Health Health
Kutengesa kwezvinhu ndiko kuwedzera kwekutengesa kwezvinhu uye kushanda kwemazuva.
Kuwedzera kwepamuviri kunobata hupenyu hwako nekuderedza simba rako rekutenga. Icho chiyero chekutambudzika nokuti inowedzera mari yekurarama . Nokufamba kwenguva, zvinoderedza mararamiro ako ehupenyu . Ndicho chikonzero Mutungamiri Reagan akati, "Kuwedzera kwezvipfeko kunotyisa sezvinoita mutezi, unotyisa segororo rakagadzirira, uye seunouraya somunhu anobaya."
Maererano nezvikamu zvebhizinesi rezvebhizimisi, kusarasha kunoratidza chidimbu. Kuwedzera kwepamuviri kunoratidza kuti chikamu chekuwedzera chichigadzira bubble. Nhamba yekushungurudza inofanira kuratidza apo hupfumi huri kumhanya zvishoma kana kuti nekukurumidza.
Nhoroondo Dambudziko Mumutano Ane Utano
Ive hupfumi hwakanaka huchaunza nhungamiro yakaipa ye pakati pe6-7 kubva muzana. Nhamba yakakodzera yekukura ndeye 2-3 muzana. Kuti vaite izvozvo, vashandi vanoda kuwana vashandi vakanaka. Vanoda kuona chiyero chekushaya basa kubva pa4 kusvika kuzana. Kana mukana wacho wakaderera pane izvozvo, makambani haakwanisi kuwana vashandi vakakwana vanowedzera kuwedzera.
Somugumisiro, kukura kunonoka.
Ive hupfumi hwakanaka hunodikanwawo kutengesa. IWatch Reserve inotarirwa nechinangwa chekutsvaga kwekutengesa kwe 2 muzana gore-pamusoro pegore. IFed inoshandisa mutengo wekutsvaga kwekutsvaga unobvisa simba nemafuta ezvekudya . Nhamba idzodzo dzakanyanya kuderera , nekuda kwekutengesa zuva nezuva nekutengesa vatengesi.
Nhamba yakaoma pakati pe6-7 kubva muzana inofananidzira hupfumi hweGoldilocks, ine hutano hwehutano hwekuwedzera uye kusashanda kwemabasa.
Nhamo Nhoroondo Yakaitika Gore
Muongorori Arthur Okun akasika dambudziko rakaipa muma1970. Aida kurondedzera kusanganiswa kwehuwandu hwekusashaya basa uye kuwedzera kwezvakawanda panguva iyoyo. Okun zvakare akasika Okun's Law. Inotaura kuti kune imwe neimwe yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekushaiwa kwehupfumi huripo, chimiro chakakosha chenyika yose chinokwira ne3 muzana. Yakatsanangura hupfumi pakati peHondo Yenyika II ne1960.
Nhamba yakashata yakadarika 20 muzana panguva yekudengenyeka kukuru kwekushaiwa kwemabasa kwaive kwakakwirira. Muna 1944, chinyorwa chinosuruvarisa chinopfuura makumi maviri kubva muzana nokuti kuwedzera kwepamusoro kwakanyanya. Yakapinda kusvika 20 muzana muna 1979 na1980 semugumisiro we stagflation .
Kubvira muna 1981, nhamba yacho haina kudarika 15 muzana. Izvozvo ndezvekuti Fed yave yakanaka kwazvo pakuraira kutengesa . Vasanangurwa vakuru vanoshandisa hurongwa hwemari huripo hwekuchengetedza basa risina kutungamirirwa. Zvinosuruvarisa, vakagadzira zvakakosha zvebhajheji kuti vaite saizvozvo. Kurasikirwa kukuru kwemutungamiri wenyika kwave kubva muna 1980.
| Gore | Misoro Index | Kubasa | Inflation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1929 | 3.8% | 3.2% | 0.6% |
| 1930 | 2.3% | 8.7% | -6.4% |
| 1931 | 6.6% | 15.9% | -9.3% |
| 1932 | 13.3% | 23.6% | -10.3% |
| 1933 | 25.7% | 24.9% | 0.8% |
| 1934 | 23.2% | 21.7% | 1.5% |
| 1935 | 23.1% | 20.1% | 3.0% |
| 1936 | 18.3% | 16.9% | 1.4% |
| 1937 | 17.2% | 14.3% | 2.9% |
| 1938 | 16.2% | 19.0% | -2.8% |
| 1939 | 17.2% | 17.2% | 0.0% |
| 1940 | 15.3% | 14.6% | 0.7% |
| 1941 | 19.8% | 9.9% | 9.9% |
| 1942 | 13.7% | 4.7% | 9.0% |
| 1943 | 4.9% | 1.9% | 3.0% |
| 1944 | 3.5% | 1.2% | 2.3% |
| 1945 | 4.1% | 1.9% | 2.2% |
| 1946 | 22.0% | 3.9% | 18.1% |
| 1947 | 12.7% | 3.9% | 8.8% |
| 1948 | 7.0% | 4.0% | 3.0% |
| 1949 | 4.5% | 6.6% | -2.1% |
| 1950 | 10.2% | 4.3% | 5.9% |
| 1951 | 9.1% | 3.1% | 6.0% |
| 1952 | 3.5% | 2.7% | 0.8% |
| 1953 | 5.2% | 4.5% | 0.7% |
| 1954 | 4.3% | 5.0% | -0.7% |
| 1955 | 4.6% | 4.2% | 0.4% |
| 1956 | 7.2% | 4.2% | 3.0% |
| 1957 | 8.1% | 5.2% | 2.9% |
| 1958 | 8.0% | 6.2% | 1.8% |
| 1959 | 7.0% | 5.3% | 1.7% |
| 1960 | 8.0% | 6.6% | 1.4% |
| 1961 | 6.7% | 6.0% | 0.7% |
| 1962 | 6.8% | 5.5% | 1.3% |
| 1963 | 7.1% | 5.5% | 1.6% |
| 1964 | 6.0% | 5.0% | 1.0% |
| 1965 | 5.9% | 4.0% | 1.9% |
| 1966 | 7.3% | 3.8% | 3.5% |
| 1967 | 6.8% | 3.8% | 3.0% |
| 1968 | 8.1% | 3.4% | 4.7% |
| 1969 | 9.7% | 3.5% | 6.2% |
| 1970 | 11.7% | 6.1% | 5.6% |
| 1971 | 9.3% | 6.0% | 3.3% |
| 1972 | 8.6% | 5.2% | 3.4% |
| 1973 | 13.6% | 4.9% | 8.7% |
| 1974 | 19.5% | 7.2% | 12.3% |
| 1975 | 15.1% | 8.2% | 6.9% |
| 1976 | 12.7% | 7.8% | 4.9% |
| 1977 | 13.1% | 6.4% | 6.7% |
| 1978 | 15.0% | 6.0% | 9.0% |
| 1979 | 19.3% | 6.0% | 13.3% |
| 1980 | 19.7% | 7.2% | 12.5% |
| 1981 | 17.4% | 8.5% | 8.9% |
| 1982 | 14.6% | 10.8% | 3.8% |
| 1983 | 12.1% | 8.3% | 3.8% |
| 1984 | 11.2% | 7.3% | 3.9% |
| 1985 | 10.8% | 7.0% | 3.8% |
| 1986 | 7.7% | 6.6% | 1.1% |
| 1987 | 10.1% | 5.7% | 4.4% |
| 1988 | 9.7% | 5.3% | 4.4% |
| 1989 | 10.0% | 5.4% | 4.6% |
| 1990 | 12.4% | 6.3% | 6.1% |
| 1991 | 10.4% | 7.3% | 3.1% |
| 1992 | 10.3% | 7.4% | 2.9% |
| 1993 | 9.2% | 6.5% | 2.7% |
| 1994 | 8.2% | 5.5% | 2.7% |
| 1995 | 8.1% | 5.6% | 2.5% |
| 1996 | 8.7% | 5.4% | 3.3% |
| 1997 | 6.4% | 4.7% | 1.7% |
| 1998 | 6.0% | 4.4% | 1.6% |
| 1999 | 6.7% | 4.0% | 2.7% |
| 2000 | 7.3% | 3.9% | 3.4% |
| 2001 | 7.3% | 5.7% | 1.6% |
| 2002 | 8.4% | 6.0% | 2.4% |
| 2003 | 7.6% | 5.7% | 1.9% |
| 2004 | 8.7% | 5.4% | 3.3% |
| 2005 | 8.3% | 4.9% | 3.4% |
| 2006 | 6.9% | 4.4% | 2.5% |
| 2007 | 9.1% | 5.0% | 4.1% |
| 2008 | 7.4% | 7.3% | 0.1% |
| 2009 | 12.6% | 9.9% | 2.7% |
| 2010 | 10.8% | 9.3% | 1.5% |
| 2011 | 11.5% | 8.5% | 3.0% |
| 2012 | 9.6% | 7.9% | 1.7% |
| 2013 | 8.2% | 6.7% | 1.5% |
| 2014 | 6.4% | 5.6% | 0.8% |
| 2015 | 5.7% | 5.0% | 0.7% |
| 2016 | 6.8% | 4.7% | 2.1% |
| 2017 | 6.2% | 4.1% | 2.1% |
Cherechedza: Nhamba dzose dzinenge dzaDecember mugore iroro. Iko kuwedzera kwekutengesa ndeyegore-pamusoro pegore reKutengeswa kweNhamba yeAvatengi yeDecember. Dhiyabhorosi inobva ku Inflation Rate History uye Inemployment Rate by Year .
Nyaya Dzakashata neMutungamiri
Mutungamiri Hoover akava nebasa rakaipisisa maererano nematambudziko. Mutungamiri Roosevelt aive nebasa rakanakisisa. Vose vakaomerwa neKukuru Kudenga. Vatungamiri vezvematongerwe enyika vanoita zviri nani mukuderedza kusasarudzwa kwemabasa, asi vatungamiri veRepublican vanotarisa zvakanyanya pamusoro pokuputika kwekuwedzera.
Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) Nhamba yekushungurudza yakasimuka kubva pa8,8 kusvika ku13,35 nekuda kwekuparara kwemusika kwe1929, kushandiswa kwemitengo yeSmoot-Hawley , uye Drought Bowl . Hoover haana kubatsira zvinhu nekukwereta mitero.
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945) Nhamba yekushungurudza yakawa kubva pa25,7 kusvika ku3,5 muzana.
Dhiyabhorosi itsva yeDDR , kuguma kweDust Bowl, uye kutanga kweHondo Yenyika II yakapedza kuora mwoyo. Muna 1944, sangano reBretton Woods rakasayirwa. Yakatora nzvimbo yegoridhe nebhadha reU.S. kuchinja kumanikidziro
Harry Truman (1945-1953). Nhamba yekushungurudza yakatanga pa 4.1%, yakasimuka kusvika 22 muzana mushure mekuguma kweHondo Yenyika II yakaunza mukuderera. Truman akarova pasi kusvika ku4 muzana neImployment Act uye Fair Deal. Nokutumira rubatsiro kuEurope, Marshall Plan yakagadzira chido chezvinhu zveUS. Muna 1950, Hondo yeKorea inoita kuti kuwedzera kwezvinhu, kuwedzera dambudziko rakaipa kusvika 10.2 muzana. Pakuguma kwezwi raTruman, nhamba yekushungurudza yakanga yawa kusvika ku3,5 muzana.
Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1962). Dambudziko rakatevera mushure meGungwa reKorea rakatumira dambudziko rinosvika ku5.2 muzana mugore rekutanga raEisenhower. Yakasimuka kusvika ku8 muzana apo imwe yezvekudarika yakawira. Izvozvo zvakanyanya matambudziko zvakabatsira John F. Kennedy kukunda muchengeti wemutungamiri wenyika, Richard Nixon.
John F. Kennedy (1961-1963). Kennedy akagumisa kuderera, asi kusashanda kwakaramba kwakakwirira panguva yaakaurayiwa muna 1963. Nhamba yekushungurudza yakaramba yakapoteredza 8,0 muzana.
Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969). Johnson akaderedza index kusvika ku5,9 muzana muna 1965 nekushandisa muHome Society uye neVietnam War. Asi yakasimuka kusvika ku8% pamagumo egore rake rekupedzisira muhofisi.
Richard Nixon (1969-1974). Nhamba yacho yakasvika kusvika ku11,7 muzana kusvika pakupera kwa1970. Nixon yakasika Emergency Employment Act uye kubhadhara-mubhadharo wemitengo yekuderedza kusakosha kwebasa uye kutengesa kwenyika. Pane kudaro, yakagadzira stagflation nekuderedza kukura. Kuwedzera kwenyika kwakasimuka sezvo Federal Reserve ikashandura zvikwereti zvezvibereko zvekutarisira kutengesa, ndokudzikisa kuti zvikurudzire kukura. Aya mabhizimisi akavhiringidzika, avo vakachengetedza mutengo wakakwirira. Pakazosvika 1973, nhamba yekushungurudza yakanga yakwira kusvika ku13,6 muzana. Nixon yakapedza mutemo wegoridhe , uyo wakaita kuti kutengesa kwepfuma kuve kwakaipisisa sezvo kukosha kwedhora kwakapera. Akapedzisa Hondo yeVietnam, asi akarega basa rekutsvaga kweMvuragate.
Gerald Ford (1974-1977). Nhamba yacho yakasvika kusvika 19.5 muzana mugore rekutanga reFe Ford nekuda kwekuwedzera kuwedzera. Nhamba yacho yakaderera kusvika ku12,7 muzana muna 1976 apo dare rakapera.
Jimmy Carter (1977-1981). Nhamba yacho yakasvika kusvika pa19,7 muzana muna 1980. IFed yakagadzira chido chekuda mari yekuguma kwekutsvaga kwezvokudya kamwe chete. Yakagadzira dambudziko guru.
Ronald Reagan (1981-1988). Muna 1982, Reagan akasayina Mutemo weMabasa uye Garn-St.Germain Mutemo kuderedza mitemo yekuchengetedza nekukwereta. Akawedzera mari yekushandisa mari. Muna 1986, akatema mitero. Kuwedzera kwacho kwakaderedza dambudziko rekutambudzika kusvika pa7,7 muzana. Muna 1987, Black Mombvu yakawedzera iyo index kusvika ku10.1 muzana.
George HW Bush (1988-1993). Dambudziko reS & L rakatumira dambudziko rekutambudzika kusvika ku12,4 muzana muna 1990. Bush yakatanga denga reDestern Storm, ichiunza index kusvika ku10,3 muzana.
Bill Clinton (1993-2001). NAFTA yakasimbisa kukura, Clinton akapindawo muB balanced Budget Act , Chikoro Chekuita Basa , uye kuchinja kwehupfumi. Zvose izvi zvakakonzera kukura kwehupfumi, kutumira dambudziko iri kusvika kusvika 6.0 muzana muna 1998. Kuwedzera kwezvinhu kwakatanga kuwedzera, kuwedzera huwandu kusvika ku7,3 muzana pakuguma kweClinton yekupedzisira gore rose muhofisi.
George W. Bush (2001-2009). Gore gore Bush risati rasvika, NASDAQ yakatora zvinyorwa zvakakwirira. Apo bhubu rakaputika, Bush rakagara nhaka yehupfumi. Akapindura neChitrus kukohwa kwemitero . Akapindura ku 9/11 kurwisana neHondo pamusoro peKutyisa . Kurwiswa kwakanyanya kuwedzera kuderedza, iyo yakataurirana nekutora mitero yeJGTRRA 2003 uye 2005 Bankruptcy Act . Asi Hurricane Katrina yakaderedza kukura. Muna 2008, dambudziko rezvemari rakakunda. Asi iyo nhamba yakaramba iri pa7,6 muzana pamagumo eBush ekupedzisira gore rose muhofisi nokuti kusashanda kwakanga kusati kwatanga kuwedzera.
Barack Obama (2009-2017). Nhamba yekushungurudza yakaipa kusvika 12,6 muzana pakupera kwa2009, pasinei neARA uye kuwedzera kwekushaya mabasa . Upfumi hwakaporesa zvishoma nezvishoma, kuitira kuti gore ra2015 nhamba yakange yawa kusvika ku5,7 muzana. Pasinei nenhamba dzakasimba, vhoti vakadzingirira kunze kwemauto emusangano wegore ra2016 .
Nhoroondo Yenyasha Haisi Nguva Yese Yakarurama Yakakwana yeEconomics Health
Nhamba yekushungurudza haisi zviratidzo zvakanaka zvehutano hwezvehupfumi sezvo kusakosha kwechokuita chiratidzo chekudzivirira . Ushaya huchaita kuti huwandu huve pamusoro kunyange mushure mokunge kudarika kwapera.
Munguva yemakore matatu ekutanga ekudengenyeka, nhamba yacho yaiva pakati pe 3.8-6.6 muzana. Upfumi hwakabvumirana ne 8.5 muzana uye 6.4 muzana. Asi nhamba yacho haina kuratidza kuti kunyange zvazvo kusashanda kwakange kuri 15,8 muzana muna 1931. Ndizvo zvazvakanga zvichitadzisa kupera . Mitengo yakawa sokutengesa kwenyika yose .
Saizvozvowo, nhamba yacho yakaramba iri pamusoro pe10 kubva muzana kusvikira muna 1942, makore mushure mekudengenyeka kwapera. Kubasa kwakaramba kwakakwirira apo mabhizimisi akatanga kuwedzera mukupindura kurwisana-nguva yehondo. Asi hupfumi hwakanga hwava kukura, huchikura pahuwandu-chidimbu.
Nhoroondo yekudzoka inoratidza kuti nhamo yekushungurudzi yakasara yakakwirira mushure mokutengesa kwenyika kwakapera. Inosanganisira kubviswa kwe 1945, 1949, 1957, 1990-1991, 2001 uye 2008 matambudziko emari . Nhamba yacho yakaramba iri mumabhawiti maviri kuburikidza nevakawanda zvekudzoka kwe1970, 1973-1975, uye 1980-1981. Yakanga ichitungamirirwa nehuwandu hwekuwedzera kwezvinhu kunonzi galloping inflation
| Gore | Misoro Index | GDP Kukura | Kudzoka |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1929 | 3.8% | NA | Kuora mwoyo |
| 1930 | 2.3% | -8.5% | |
| 1931 | 6.6% | -6.4% | |
| 1932 | 13.3% | -12.9% | |
| 1933 | 25.7% | -1.3% | |
| 1934 | 23.2% | 10.8% | |
| 1935 | 23.1% | 8.9% | |
| 1936 | 18.3% | 12.9% | |
| 1937 | 17.2% | 5.1% | |
| 1938 | 16.2% | -3.3% | |
| 1939 | 17.2% | 8.0% | Kuora mwoyo |
| 1940 | 15.3% | 8.8% | |
| 1941 | 19.8% | 17.7% | |
| 1942 | 13.7% | 18.9% | |
| 1943 | 4.9% | 17.0% | |
| 1944 | 3.5% | 8.0% | |
| 1945 | 4.1% | -1.0% | Kudzoka |
| 1946 | 22.0% | -11.6% | |
| 1947 | 12.7% | -1.1% | |
| 1948 | 7.0% | 4.1% | |
| 1949 | 4.5% | -0.5% | Kudzoka |
| 1950 | 10.2% | 8.7% | |
| 1951 | 9.1% | 8.1% | |
| 1952 | 3.5% | 4.1% | |
| 1953 | 5.2% | 4.7% | Kudzoka |
| 1954 | 4.3% | -0.6% | |
| 1955 | 4.6% | 7.1% | |
| 1956 | 7.2% | 2.1% | |
| 1957 | 8.1% | 2.1% | Kudzoka |
| 1958 | 8.0% | -0.7% | |
| 1959 | 7.0% | 6.9% | |
| 1960 | 8.0% | 2.6% | Kudzoka |
| 1961 | 6.7% | 2.6% | |
| 1962 | 6.8% | 6.1% | |
| 1963 | 7.1% | 4.4% | |
| 1964 | 6.0% | 5.8% | |
| 1965 | 5.9% | 6.5% | |
| 1966 | 7.3% | 6.6% | |
| 1967 | 6.8% | 2.7% | |
| 1968 | 8.1% | 4.9% | |
| 1969 | 9.7% | 3.1% | |
| 1970 | 11.7% | 0.2% | Kudzoka |
| 1971 | 9.3% | 3.3% | |
| 1972 | 8.6% | 5.2% | |
| 1973 | 13.6% | 5.6% | Kudzoka |
| 1974 | 19.5% | -0.5% | Kudzoka |
| 1975 | 15.1% | -0.2% | Kudzoka |
| 1976 | 12.7% | 5.4% | |
| 1977 | 13.1% | 4.6% | |
| 1978 | 15.0% | 5.6% | |
| 1979 | 19.3% | 3.2% | |
| 1980 | 19.7% | -0.2% | Kudzoka |
| 1981 | 17.4% | 2.6% | Kudzoka |
| 1982 | 14.6% | -1.9% | Kudzoka |
| 1983 | 12.1% | 4.6% | |
| 1984 | 11.2% | 7.3% | |
| 1985 | 10.8% | 4.2% | |
| 1986 | 7.7% | 3.5% | |
| 1987 | 10.1% | 3.5% | |
| 1988 | 9.7% | 4.2% | |
| 1989 | 10.0% | 3.7% | |
| 1990 | 12.4% | 1.9% | Kudzoka |
| 1991 | 10.4% | -0.1% | Kudzoka |
| 1992 | 10.3% | 3.6% | |
| 1993 | 9.2% | 2.7% | |
| 1994 | 8.2% | 4.0% | |
| 1995 | 8.1% | 2.7% | |
| 1996 | 8.7% | 3.8% | |
| 1997 | 6.4% | 4.5% | |
| 1998 | 6.0% | 4.5% | |
| 1999 | 6.7% | 4.7% | |
| 2000 | 7.3% | 4.1% | |
| 2001 | 7.3% | 1.0% | Kudzoka |
| 2002 | 8.4% | 1.8% | |
| 2003 | 7.6% | 2.8% | |
| 2004 | 8.7% | 3.8% | |
| 2005 | 8.3% | 3.3% | |
| 2006 | 6.9% | 2.7% | |
| 2007 | 9.1% | 1.8% | |
| 2008 | 7.4% | -0.3% | Kudzoka |
| 2009 | 12.6% | -2.8% | Kudzoka |
| 2010 | 10.8% | 2.5% | |
| 2011 | 11.5% | 1.6% | |
| 2012 | 9.6% | 2.2% | |
| 2013 | 8.2% | 1.7% | |
| 2014 | 6.4% | 2.6% | |
| 2015 | 5.7% | 2.9% | |
| 2016 | 6.8% | 1.5% | |
| 2017 | 6.2% | na |