Nei Gasoline Ichikanganiswa?
Hurumende inorayira Pigouvian mutero pamotokari dzisingabvumirwi kuita kuti mutyairi anotambure zvakanyanya mari. Inowanzotungamirira mari kubva pamutero kuti iwedzere mari yekunze.
Zvakanaka, Pigouvian mutero inodhura muiti wacho chiyero chakaenzana nekukuvadza kunokonzera vamwe. Semuenzaniso, muiti anouraya mvura pasi pasi mumakore mashanu ekutanga ekushanda. Zvinodhura guta riri pedyo $ 1 Mamiriyoni kuti richenese. Muiti wacho akabudisa makirogiramu 100 000 emarara munguva iyoyo. Guta racho raizopa $ 1 mamiriyoni ekufambisa kwekare. Asi iyo inofanirawo kuisa pigouvian mutero we $ 10 gorosi kuenda mberi. Izvo zvinogona kuvhara mari yekusvibiswa kwemazuva anotevera. Kana zvakakosha kune iyo yakasimba kuti irambe ichigadzira chekisi-inogadzira chigadzirwa, saka yaizobhadhara yakanaka. Kana zvisingaiti, zvingadai zvingabuda kunze kwebhizimisi. Chero nzira, guta racho richava nemvura yakachena.
Imba yePigouvian inofanana nemutero wezvitadzo izvo zvinokonzera kutengesa kune zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvevanhu.
Asi zvitadzo zvekutadza zvakagadzirirwa kuvhiringidza hukama hwemukati. Izvozvo zvinokanganisa zvinowanzoitika kumushandisi.
Muenzaniso wezvose mutero wezvivi uye Pigouvian mutero ndeye mutero wefodya. Izvo zvinoodza mwoyo vanhu vanoita fodya kuti vasaita tsika iyo inogadzira hukama hunokuvadza, kenza yemapapu. Inoshandisawo mari yemutero kubhadhara mishandirapamwe inodzidzisa vanhu nezvengozi yemukenza wemapapu.
Mienzaniso
Iko gasoro mutero iPigouvian. Inotsvaka kukwidza mari yekufambisa yekuvhara kunze kwekunze kwakasikwa nemotokari. MuUnited States, iyo federal gas tax ndeye $ 0.184 per gallon. Ivhareji yehurumende yose mitero i $ 0.2785 per gallon. Mari yacho inopinda muHerald Highway Trust Fund kuti ibhadhara kugadzirwa kwemugwagwa. Asi Congress haina kuwedzera mutero kubva muna 1993. Somugumisiro, mari yacho haina kukwana kuchengetedza Highway Trust Fund kugadzirisa.
France inotora mutero wePigouvian mutinhimira pazvikwata zvayo zvepamapepanhau zvipfumbamwe. Iyo inotangira kubva ku2 euro kusvika ku 35 euro zvichienderana nenhandare yendege uye kurema kwendege. Hurumende inoshandisa mari yacho kune dzimba dzisinganzwisisiki dzinotaridzirwa kumanzwi omutinhi kupfuura makumi manomwe makumi manomwe.
Mutero wemotokari ndiPigouvian. Vanowedzera mari kune carbon emitters avo vasingabhadhari kudengenyeka kwezvakatipoteredza. Ipamusoro yemabhoni inokonzera kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Izvo zvinoparadza zvinokonzera njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, inomutsa mazinga egungwa, uye inowedzera kunaya. Mutero unogadzirisa izvi kunze kwekusimudza mutengo kuratidza izvi zvekugara kwevanhu.
Pigouvian Mitero Shandisa
Muna 2002, Ireland yakabhadhara zvikwama zvepurasitiki. Vatengesi vanobhadhara 0,15 euro pamabhagi ega rega. Mumavhiki mashomanana, kushandiswa kwepurasitiki kwakaderera 94 muzana.
Gore rimwe chete gare gare, munhu wese akanga atenga zvigadzirwa zvemasaga zvakare. Inotema kushandiswa kwavo nepamapfumbamwe makumi mapfumbamwe. Iko mari inosvika kumusangano wekuchengetedza kwekusimudzira uye kuchenesa. Muna 2007, mutero wakasimuka kusvika ku2.22 euro.
Muna 2003, guta reLondon rakatanga Mutoro weKubata kwekutyaira nechepakati peLondon mumazuva ekushanda. Yakanga iri pakati pemapira gumi nemaviri zvichienderana nenguva yezuva uye kuti kure zvakadini mutyairi akaenda. Makore matatu gare gare, kubatana mukati memuganhu kwakange kwawa nechechina. Mushure memakore gumi, kupindirana kwaive kuchiri pasi ne10.2 muzana. Somugumisiro, kufamba kwenguva hakuna kuwedzera. Guta rinoshandisa mari yekutakura kwayo.
Muna 2008, British Columbia yakaunza carbon tax. Inobatanidza makumi manomwe kubva muzana emapurojekiti emagetsi ekupisa gesi. Gore rokutanga, rakadha C $ 10 pamatani e carbon dioxide yakaenzana.
Mutero iwoyo wakasimudza $ 5 tani gore negore kusvika kusvika C $ 30 pamatani muna 2012. Mutengo unoshandura kuC $ 0.0667 neyita yemari, uye C $ 0.0767 per litita mu diesel. Iko mari inowedzera kumitero yekubhadhara uye kuwedzerwa kubatsirwa.
Pakazosvika 2007 na2014, kupera kwakapera 5,5 muzana pasinei ne 8.1% kuwedzera kwevanhu. Chaicho chakakosha mumiti yakasikwa yakasimuka ne12,4 muzana munguva iyoyo. Canada yakagamuchira imwe yemari yemutero muna 2018. inotanga paC $ 10 pamatani uye ichakwira kuC $ 50 pamatani muna 2022.
Pros
Pigouvian mitero inokanganisa maitiro anoita kunze kwekunze. Mumamiriro ezvinhu apo hazviiti, inosimudza mari yekubatsira avo vanobatwa nekunze. Semuenzaniso, mutero we petrol unoderedza kutyaira apo uchibhadhara hurukuro yemigwagwa.
Pigouvian mitero inobatsira zvikuru mune zvemari. Mutero wakaenzana nemari yekudhakwa kwekunze. Icho chinoumba mari yezvokwadi yekubudisa zvakanaka kana kushanda. Bhizinesi rinobva rasarudza kana rakakosha mari yakawedzerwa.
Cons
Pigouvian mitero inodzvinyirira apo inopa mutoro wakaoma kune varombo kupfuura vapfumi. Nokuti iri mutero wakadzika, Pigouvian mitero inotora chikamu chikuru chemari yevarombo. A $ 10 mutero inotora mari yakawanda kubva kune $ 100 kupfuura iyo inodarika $ 1 000. Inowedzera kugadzikana kana yakagadzirirwa zvinhu nezvinhu zvevarombo zviri nyore kushandisa.
Semuenzaniso, mitero yefodya ndeyekutengesa kwePigouvian mutero. A 2015 Gallup Poll yakawana kuti yepamusoro-yekuwana mari yechishanu yakagoverwa 1.3 muzana yemashandisirwo emari pamidzanga, ichienzaniswa ne3,3 muzana yepamusoro-soro yechishanu. Pamusoro pezvakanaka, vanhu vanoita mari shoma vanoteerera kune vakakwirira zvePigouvian mitero. Pakati pehafu yevasvuta vanopedza fodya yavo inodarika makumi mana kupfuura yehafu yakaipisisa. Somugumisiro, varombo vakabhadhara 11,9 muzana yemutengo wokuwedzera, asi vakagamuchira 46.3 kubva muzana yemubhadharo sekuenzaniswa nekufa kwevashoma.
Pigouvian mitero, seimwe nzira ipi zvayo yehurumende inopindira, inogona kunge isingatarisirwi nemigumisiro yakaipa. Somuenzaniso, muna 1995, Netherlands yakagadza mutero wemvura pasi. Yakatsvaga kuchengeta mvura yakachena yekunwa kumarudzi anotevera. Yakaisa mutero pakunwa makambani emvura. Asi hurumende yaibvumirawo zvakawanda zvingabvumirwa. Somugumisiro, makambani gumi akashandisa 90 muzana yemutero. Makambani aya akakumbira kupedza mutero. Muna 2011, hurumende yeDutch yakarambidza mutero wekushandisa mari isina kukwana.
Nhoroondo
Muongorori weBritain Arthur Pigou akasika pfungwa yekunze. Akakakavadzana kuti hurumende inofanira kupindira kuti iruramise. Inofanira kubhadhara mitero inokuvadza hupfumi seyakazara. Inofanira kutsigira mabasa anobatsira sangano rose. Semuenzaniso, vazhinji vane zvipo zvevadzidzi vangave vasingakwanisi kutenga dzidzo yepamusoro. Asi ivo vaizobatsirwa nehupfumi kana zvipo zvavo zvakagadzirwa kuburikidza nedzidzo. Pigou akatsigira kuti hurumende inofanira kutsigira mabasa anoita kuti izvi zvive zvakanaka. Pigou yakataurwa kuCambridge University kusvika Hondo Yenyika II.