Munhu Wose Anofanira Kuwana Mari Yakatsigirwa Here?
Zvirongwa zvinopesana pane anogamuchira mari. Vamwe vaizobhadhara vagari vose, pasinei nemari.
Vamwe vangangobhadhara avo vari pasi peurombo, kana vari kushanda kana kwete. Chimwe chirevo chaizobhadhara avo avo vakasara vasina basa nekuda kwebhobhoti, chirongwa chekuti 48 muzana yeAmerica vanotsigira.
Hurumende inotumira cheki, asi zvirongwa zvinopesana paanobhadhara mari. Zvimwe zvirongwa zvinoda kuti kuwedzerwa mutero kune vapfumi. Vamwe vanoti makambani anofanirwa kubhadharwa .
Chinangwa
Muna 1967, Martin Luther King Jr. akati mari inogadziriswa ichapedza urombo. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuderedza kusaenzana kwemari pamwe chete.
Nyanzvi yezvehupfumi Milton Friedman akaronga mutero usingabhadhari wemari. Varombo vaizogamuchira chikwereti chemutero kana mari yavo yakawira pasi pemazinga mashoma. Zvinenge zvakaenzana nekubhadhara mutero kwemhuri inowana kudarika zvishoma.
Muna 2018, mutungamiri we Facebook, VaChris Hughes, vakarondedzera hurongwa hwake mubhuku rake "Fair Shot." Anotsanangura kuti vashandi veUnited States, vadzidzi, uye vatarisi vanoita $ 50,000 kana pasi pegore vanofanira kuwana mari yakawanikwa ye $ 500 pamwedzi.
"Cash ndicho chinhu chakanakisisa chaunogona kuita kuti uwedzere kubudirira kwehutano, zvibereko zvezvidzidzo uye kusimudzira vanhu kubva muurombo," Hughes akati.
Hughes 'mari yakagadziriswa inobhadharwa nemitero pamusoro pe1 peresenti. Ichishanda kuburikidza nehuwandu hwemari yakagamuchira mari yechikwereti.
KuHughes, ndiyo mhinduro chete yehupfumi apo "boka duku revanhu riri kuwana zvikuru, rakapfuma zvikuru apo vamwe vose vari kutambura kuti vawane zvigaro." Hughes akati kushandiswa kwemagetsi uye kudyidzana kwepasi kwakaparadza misika yebasa.
Yakasikwa yakawanda yenguva-nguva, chibvumirano, nemabasa epanguva pfupi. Asi izvozvi hazvina kukwana kupa hupenyu hwakanaka hwehupenyu .
Mark Zuckerberg naBill Gates vanobvumirana. Vanopikisa kuti automation yakashandura chimiro chehupfumi hweUnited States. Sir Sir Richard Branson akati mari inogadziriswa haigoneki. Uchenjeri huripo huchaita mabasa akawanda kubva kuvanhu. Elon Musk akati robotics ichabvisa mabasa evanhu vazhinji, saka mari yepasi rose ndiyo chete nzira yekugadzirisa nayo.
Pros
Imwe mari isina mari yakawanda yaizoita kuti vashandi vamirire basa rakanaka kana kuti vataurirane nezvemahomwe ari nani. Vanogona kuvandudza mararamiro avo nekudzoka kuchikoro. Vaizogona kunyange kusiya basa ravo kutarisira hama.
Zvinogona kubvisa chinetso nehurongwa hwehutano huripo hunoita kuti vanhu "vasungwa muurombo." Kana vagari vemunharaunda vachiita zvakanyanya, vanorasikirwa nematampu ezvokudya, zvekurapa pasina zvekurapa, uye mahoro evhu.
Mazuva ano hurongwa hwehutano hunoomawo kune vatungamiri uye vanogamuchira. Kubhadhara mari nyore kunogona kuderedza kubhizimisi. Ichatsiva dzimba dzevhavha, zvidhori zvezvokudya, nezvimwe zvirongwa.
Izvo zviri nyore zvepurogiramu zvinoreva kuti zvinotadzisa hurumende zvishoma. Mari yebhadharo yakaenda kumunhu wose yaizobvisa mapepa ekubhadhara mari-kuongorora.Conservative Utah Senator Mike Lee vakataurira Heritage Foundation, "Hapana chikonzero hurumende yehurumende inofanira kuchengetedza 79 nzira dzakasiyana-siyana-dzinoongororwa zvirongwa". maitiro akaedzwa.
Dzimwe nyika dzinonetseka nezvekuberekwa kwemazera. Imari yakachengetedzwa inopa vechidiki vechivimbo chivimbo chavanoda kutanga mhuri. Ichapawo vashandi chivimbo chekupa mubairo. Kubva pane maonero makuru, zvingaita kuti hurumende iwanzwe kudiwa panguva yekuderera .
Cons
Kana munhu wese akangoerekana awana mari inokosha, iyo yaizogadzira kutengesa . Vazhinji vaizoshandisa pakarepo mari yakawedzerwa, vachifambisa kudiwa . Vatengesi vaizoita zvakawanda, uye vaiti vangaedza kubudisa zvakawanda. Asi kana vasina kukwanisa kuwedzera, vaizosimudza mitengo. Mitengo yakakwirira yaizoita kuti zvigadziriswe zvisingabvumirwi kune avo vari pasi pepiramidi yemari. Mukufamba kwenguva, mari yakagadziriswa yaisazosimudza mararamiro avo ehupenyu.
Imari yakachengetedzwa yakakwana yekubvisa urombo huchadhura.
Muna 2012, maiva nemakore 179 mamiriyoni ekushanda. Zvinodhura $ 2.14 triloni kubhadhara imwe neimwe ye $ 11,945 (urombo huri) gore rega rega. Asi inotora nzvimbo yehutano huripo iyo inodhura $ 1 triloni pagore. Saka iyo yaizowedzera $ 1.2 triliyoni pamatambudziko , kana kuti 7.5 muzana yehuwandu hwehupfumi hwegore.
Kuchengeta mari, mamwe mapurogiramu aisazobhadhara zvakawanda. Asi kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti mari yemazana mashomanana madhora haikwani kukwanisa kupesana chaiyo muhupenyu hwehurombo.
Kana munhu wese akapiwa mari yekusununguka, inogona kubvisa chikonzero chekushanda zvakaoma. Oren Cass, Senior Fellow kuManhattan Institute, anoti zvinogona kuita kuti basa riite sechinhu chakanaka. Vazhinji vanogamuchira vangasarudza kurarama pane mari yekusununguka pane kuwana basa. Havazogoni kuwana unyanzvi hwekushanda kana kutorazve zvakanaka. Zvinogona kuvadzivisa kuti vasawana basa rakanaka mumamiriro ekukwikwidza. Izvo zvinogona kuderedza basa rekare rekushanda kwekushanda kwevanhu .
Pakupedzisira, urongwa hwakadaro hwaizova hwakaoma kupfuudzwa muUnited States. Vanhu vazhinji vanopesana nekupa rubatsiro kune avo vasingashandi. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, vazhinji vatove vanopesana nehutano uye kunyange kusakwanisa basa. Kunyange kukwidza mubhadharo weUnited States wakanga wakaoma, pasinei nokutenda kwakapararira kuti vashandi vakaoma vanofanira kupiwa mubairo.
Nhoroondo
Muna 1968, mutungamiri weMutungamiri Johnson akatanga sarudzo yemutero usina kuwanikwa muNew Jersey. Yakawana kuti vagari venhepfenyuro vakagamuchira mubhadharo wakakwirira kubva purogiramu iyoyo pane zvavakaita kubva pamutero wekubhadhara. Chirongwa chekubhadhara zvakanyanya chakaedzwa muSeattle neDenver. Mhinduro dzakaratidza kuderedzwa kwakakosha kushanda. Yakaputsawo mhuri, sezvo varume nemadzimai vakanga vasingachafaniri kugara pamwe chete nekuda kwezvikonzero zvemari. Iko mari yekufambisa yaiva yakakwirira kwazvo kune mapurogiramu ose.
Chikwereti chemari yemari inowana mari inowanikwa mari yakawanikwa. Inopa huwandu hwemari yemari yekodhi yemadhora ose emari yakagamuchira kusvika kune chikwereti chikuru. Sezvo chikwereti ichiwedzera pamwe nemari, inokurudzira chikonzero chekushanda. Asi sezvo mari yacho inosvika pakakwirira, mutero wechikwereti unobuda uye unoderera. Izvozvo zvinomutsa kusavhiringidza kuwana zvizhinji. Chidzidzo che1990 chakazarura kuti 40 muzana yezvipo zvakabhadharwa kune mhuri dzisina kukodzera kuEITC.
Current Examples
Alaska yakagadzirirwa purogiramu yakagadziriswa kubva muna 1982. Alaska Permanent Fund inopa mumwe nomumwe anogara kusvika $ 1,200 pagore kunze kwemafuta emari.
Izvo muHawaii mutemo weparamende yakapedza mushumo muna 2017 ichizivisa kuti munhu wose ane kodzero yekuchengetedza mari. Yakarayira hurumende kuti ipe sarudzo, iyo inogona kusanganisira mari yakawanikwa.
MuAllowland, California, mbeu yekusimudza mbeu Y Combinator ichabhadhara mhuri zana pakati pe $ 1000 kusvika $ 2,000 pamwedzi.
C anada ari kuedza nepurogiramu yekupinda. Ichapa 4,000 veAntrians vanogara varombo C $ 17,000 pagore kana C $ 24,000 / vaviri. Vanokwanisa chete kuchengetedza hafu yemari yavo kubva kune chero basa ravari.
Kuedza kweFinland kuri kupa 2 000 vanhu vasina basa 560 euros pamwedzi kwemakore maviri, kunyange kana vakawana basa. Vakagamuchira vanoti vanovapa chikonzero chikuru chekuwana basa rakanaka kana kutanga bhizinesi ravo pachavo.
Purogiramu yekufambisa ndege muUtrecht, Holland, inopa vanhu 250 mamiriyoni 960 pamwedzi.
Scotland inobatsira kutsvakurudza mune chirongwa chinobhadhara vagari vese vehupenyu. Vatorwa vaizogamuchira 150 pounds pavhiki. Vashandi vekushanda vaizowana mapaundi zana uye vana pasi pe16 vaizobhadharwa 50 pounds pavhiki.
Taiwan inokwanisa kuvhota pamusana pekuwana mari. Vaduku vakasiya nzvimbo dzekumaruwa vachitsvaka mubayiro wakanaka. Vamwe vakatosiya nyika kuti vatsvake basa. Imari yakachengetedzwa inogona kuvadzivisa kuti varege kubuda. Izvi zvingabatsirawo vakuru vakasiyiwa vanogara varombo. Nyika inongotora chikamu chezana kubva muzana yezvigadzirwa zvayo zvepamba pamapurogiramu ezvehupfumi. Ivhareji yenyika dzakabudirira ndeye 22 muzana.
Pasi pemuongorori, hurumende yaizobhadhara NT $ 6,304 pamwedzi yevana vari pasi pe18 uye NT $ 12,608 pamwedzi kuvanhu vakuru. Izvo zvinodhura NT $ 3.4 trillion, kana 19 muzana yeGDP. Kuti awane mari, Taiwan inotora chikamu chemapato makumi matatu nemakumi matatu emitengo pamusoro pematestamende $ 840,000 pagore. Somugumisiro, purogiramu yaizosimudza mari yezvikamu zvitatu zvevanhu. Munhu akapfuma wechitatu aizorasikirwa neT $ 710 mabhiriyoni.
Muna 2016, Switzerland yakasarudza kupesana nenyika yose. Hurumende yakarongedza kubhadhara vose vanogara 2,500 Swiss francs pamwedzi.
Economists Kalle Moene naDebraj Ray vanorayira nzira yekubhadhara yakasungirirwa mune zvekudarika kwenyika. Vanoratidza kuti 10 kusvika ku12 muzana yeGDP inopinda zvakananga kumari yose yekubhadhara mari. Izvo zvingadai zvingangoerekana zvimukwira nekubudirira kwenyika uye kutengesa kwenyika.
Zvirikurumidza kutaurira kana mapurogiramu aya ekushanda achashanda. Izvo zvinowanikwa munyika yose zviri nyore zvinoita kuti ive imwe nzira inofadza kune zvirongwa zvehupfumi. Asi vatsigiri varo havana kutaurira mhinduro dzemibvunzo yadzo yakawanda inogona kuitika.